CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id acadia20_474
id acadia20_474
authors Rossi, Gabriella; Walker, James; Sondergaard, Asborn; Worre Foged, Isak; Pasold, Anke; Hilmer, Jakob
year 2020
title Design-to-Manufacture Workflows of Sound-Scattering Acoustic Brick Walls
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2020.1.474
source ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume I: Technical Papers [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95213-0]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by B. Slocum, V. Ago, S. Doyle, A. Marcus, M. Yablonina, and M. del Campo. 474-483.
summary Improving speech intelligibility in classrooms enhances information dissemination, institutional knowledge capture, and quality of learning experience. While off-the-shelf solutions are available for acoustically retrofitting existing learning spaces, they do not allow for a fine-tuned context-specific intervention. However, this possibility is enabled through bespoke digital manufacturing informed by advanced digital simulations. In this research we explore and synchronize architecture, acoustics, computation, and fabrication for the making of better sound environments. We present performance-driven design-to-manufacture (DTM) workflows for sound-scattering brick elements. We reimagine the brick as an acoustically active geometry capable of modulating the sound experience in a university classroom by improving speech intelligibility. We contextualize our research within existing methods of digital performance-based design and robotic fabrication processes, namely wire cutting and pick-and-place applications. We then detail digital methods that combine heuristics and acoustic simulation to design the bricks within the 3D modeling environment, as well as describe the processes of robotic oscillating wire cutting and adaptive pick-and-place developed for the execution of the full-scale demonstrator. Finally, we report on the results of the acoustic analysis performed on the full-scale demonstrator in situ and laboratory measurements of a representative demonstrator which validates our design hypothesis.
series ACADIA
type paper
email
last changed 2023/10/22 12:06

_id cf2017_321
id cf2017_321
authors Rossini, Francesco Livio; Novembri, Gabriele; Fioravanti, Antonio
year 2017
title AS&BIM – A Unified Model of Agent Swarm and BIM to Manage the Complexity of the Building Process
source Gülen Çagdas, Mine Özkar, Leman F. Gül and Ethem Gürer (Eds.) Future Trajectories of Computation in Design [17th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2017, Proceedings / ISBN 978-975-561-482-3] Istanbul, Turkey, July 12-14, 2017, pp. 321-332.
summary Analyzing the success rate of the building process, it emerges that it is an industrial sector that lacks efficiency. Nevertheless, during decades the trend was to compare and bring into contact manufacturing management procedures vis-?-vis the building industry. But, whilst a manufacturing product is essentially a standard object produced in a controlled environment, a building is a prototype in itself. To bridge this gap research on Artificial Intelligence was conducted, so as to move from the traditional trial-and-error process to the simulation approach, defining in a virtual environment results of design and management choices before the real application, thus mitigating risks. To attain these results, a prototype was developed based on the Hybrid Actor Agent approach. The Agents, governed by their rules, behaviors and goals, define actions while Actors manage communication among them. The Network intertwined among these Agent/Actor systems is capable of stratifying knowledge based on the success rate of the choices made. The result of these concurrent computations is an optimized building process flow-chart
keywords Artificial Intelligence, Project Management, Building Information Modeling
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2017/12/01 14:38

_id 8585
authors Rügemer, Jörg
year 2002
title From Digital to Real Theoretical-digital architectural concepts and the realization of complex spatial forms
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.194
source Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 194-200
summary To summarize former experiences of design seminars of the past years, the paper describes how new thinking and development structures within a design process, in conjunction with digital design media, requires new approaches to the design process itself. Also required are new solutions in adequate, three-dimensional, haptic presentation methods (model making), in order to secure the physical control of the computer-generated data structures. Points of origin have been several student projects whose conception was based on the idea of the contradiction of a modern architectural approach with its inclination to industrialized parts and series. The promise of the computer based design and manufacturing process seemed to allow the realization of almost every imaginable architectural shape for the same costs as those in regular planning and manufacturing processes. The different projects explored both static modeling methods and dynamic computer- driven development and presentation techniques. The latest project touches the field of an algorithm-based design process. Finally a possible process chain from early design stage into a three-dimensional, physical model is described. Considering the resources and financial budgets at universities, the development of an efficient manufacturing process with effective interfaces will summarize the method and finalize the study process.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id caadria2008_64_session6b_529
id caadria2008_64_session6b_529
authors Rügemer, Jörg
year 2008
title Form Follows Tool: How the mere existence of a 2D laser cutter does influences architectural design in education?
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2008.529
source CAADRIA 2008 [Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Chiang Mai (Thailand) 9-12 April 2008, pp. 529-535
summary The paper is aimed to examine the influence of a digital laser cutter on the design process within the College of Architecture and Planning, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The tool functions as a peripheral output device within a simple “CAD-CAM” model manufacturing process in the area of architectural model making. It is a 2D laser cutter, accessible to the students since four years. The paper has a critical look at how the machine’s availability, its possibilities, as well as its promising time saving potential has changed the way students develop their design and process their projects. Rapid prototyping is becoming more and more an integral and important part of our design studios. With the adoption of the laser cutter, the model making procedure has changed from a relatively time-consuming, but immediately controllable process, to a procedure where one has to spatially re-think the elements that need to be produced, in order to adapt to the necessary digital workflow or process.
keywords 2D Laser Cutter, Digital Design Development, Digital Model Manufacturing Process, Analogue Model Assemblage
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id acadia22pr_106
id acadia22pr_106
authors Sabin, Jenny E.; Paraszczak, Michael; Pranger, Dillon; Hilla, John
year 2022
title Convergence: Advancing Robotic Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing to the Architectural Scale in an Urban Context
source ACADIA 2022: Hybrids and Haecceities [Projects Catalog of the 42nd Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9860805-7-4]. University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design. 27-29 October 2022. edited by M. Akbarzadeh, D. Aviv, H. Jamelle, and R. Stuart-Smith. 106-111.
summary Convergence celebrates the thriving, vibrant, and rich heritage of excellence of the University of Nebraska Medical Center through materialized concepts that embed change, transformation, and contemplation. The project incorporates the most advanced methods and innovations in digital and robotic fabrication with the integration of timeless and contextually sensitive materials that interact with the sun and human perception. The project features stainless steel wire arc additive manufacturing through robotic 3D printing, nonstandard CNC machined polycarbonate panels laminated with responsive wavelength-dependent dichroic film, and stainless-steel stiffener rings. Sited in the new Northwall Plaza, Convergence serves as the outdoor threshold to the buildings and the campus welcome center facilitating an ideal setting for conversations, fellowship, and engagement by students and faculty.
series ACADIA
type project
email
last changed 2024/02/06 14:06

_id sigradi2014_238
id sigradi2014_238
authors Saez, Nicolas; Mauro Chiarella, Luciana Gronda, Rodrigo Garcia Alvarado, Luis Garcia Lara, Matias Dalla Costa, Martin Veizaga
year 2014
title BANCAPAR. Objeto Paramétrico de Arte Público con Diseńo Colaborativo y manufactura no industrializada [Parametric Object public art through collaborative design and manufacturing non-industrialized]
source SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 527-531
summary BANCAPAR (winner project “Regional Fondart 2013”) is a bench parametrically designed and conceived as an object of public art. It has been initiated from self-management and collaborative design in the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Bío-Bío, Concepcion, Chile. Interdisciplinary work between students and teachers from two Latin American universities, makes this a unique project of technological art in the region. Experience suggests questions at all three levels of the hermeneutic cycle: prefiguration; configuration and reconfiguration when compared to traditional ways of doing and thinking in art and design.
keywords Parametric design; collaborative design; public art; hermeneutics
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:59

_id ascaad2023_051
id ascaad2023_051
authors Salama, Ali; Garboushian, Razmig; Si, Yue; Correa, David
year 2023
title Reinterpreting Zellige Tiles through Ceramic 3D Printing
source C+++: Computation, Culture, and Context – Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the Arab Society for Computation in Architecture, Art and Design (ASCAAD), University of Petra, Amman, Jordan [Hybrid Conference] 7-9 November 2023, pp. 166-186.
summary The intricate details of Zellige tile work in Islamic architecture have high cultural significance and important sacred associations. The quasi-crystalline geometry found in el Attarine Madrassa Zellige patterns are a splendid example of the geometric rigour and exceptional craftsmanship of these sacred decorations. Modern methods have been used to reproduce these complex patterns, but these methods are mostly focused on duplication, rather than contributing to the analysis and re-contextualization of these motifs. Where recent studies have investigated the tectonics and structural limitations of ceramic additive manufacturing, few have explored its unique capabilities of re-interpretation and abstraction. This paper investigates the Zellige tiles of el Attarine Madrassa in Fes through formal and tectonic prototyping via clay 3D printing. Adjustments to the pattern by twisting, shifting, and shrinking were evaluated to observe what new interpretations additive manufactured ceramics can provide to the reading of the pattern at an architecture scale. In parallel, custom tool path design strategies were developed to address the unique intersection and overlapping issues that resulted from the intricate linework of the mosaic’s geometric pattern. Several full-scale physical prototypes were developed to assess the success and design opportunities of each strategy. Design iterations were also conducted to develop a key stone assembly sequence while also testing assembly tolerances and bonding between component units. Lastly, a dome mosaic assembly was designed for an arbour structure to evaluate the architectural implications of the developed tile system. The objective is for this 3D printed investigation to simultaneously honour and innovate upon the rich continuum of craft tradition, culture, embodied knowledge, and spirit within these geometries.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2024/02/13 14:34

_id acadia05_128
id acadia05_128
authors Sanchez-Del-Valle, Carmina
year 2005
title Adaptive Kinetic Architecture: A Portal To Digital Prototyping
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2005.128
source Smart Architecture: Integration of Digital and Building Technologies [Proceedings of the 2005 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 0-9772832-0-8] Savannah (Georgia) 13-16 October 2005, pp. 128-140
summary This paper presents a definition for adaptive kinetic structures in architecture, generated from an examination of research in engineering and architecture. This characterization introduces the challenges presented both by modeling form and environment, and simulating their interaction. Adaptive kinetic structures react to a changing environment, as well as generate their own. These conditions make them appropriate subjects through which the design and implementation of tools for ‘digital prototyping’ may be explored. Digital prototyping serves performance and simulation-based design. In general terms, it is an interdisciplinary integrated approach for modeling, predicting, and analyzing the behavior of a system. It is at the core of virtual engineering. In the aerospace, automobile, and manufacturing industries, it is practiced extensively through discrete-event and continuous simulations, as well as simulation environments. This paper provides an overview of digital prototyping commercial software for engineering applications that can be transferred to architecture, and identifies some of the unresolved issues. It thereby extends the vision of the comprehensive building information modeling initiative.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id sigradi2016_479
id sigradi2016_479
authors Santana Neto, Ernesto José de; Silva, Robson Canuto da
year 2016
title Computaç?o material: um estudo sobre a atualizaç?o geométrica de elementos vazados na arquitetura [Material computation: a study about the geometric updating of screenwalls in architecture]
source SIGraDi 2016 [Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Argentina, Buenos Aires 9 - 11 November 2016, pp.42-49
summary This paper deals with geometric update strategies of cobogós, aiming to expand its energy efficiency based on material computation, a design approach that seeks to achieve greater architectural performance through the investigation of material properties, comprising four aspects that structure the paper: materiality, material structure, material performance and materialisation. Analysis in ceramic, the most common material in the manufacturing of cobogós, showed voronoi microstructure geometry in the material. Incorporating this logic to the development of a new geometry of cobogó results a slight increase of its thermal performance comparing with commercial cobogós.
keywords Material computation; Cobogó; Energy efficiency
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:59

_id 89c9
authors Sata, Toshio and Warman, Ernest (editor)
year 1980
title Man-Machine Communication in CAD/CAM
source IFIP WG5.2-5.3 Working Conference Proceedings on Man-Machine Communication in CAD/CAM. ix, 274 p. : ill. Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co., 1980. Each paper has its own bibliography
summary Explores man-machine interaction in CAD/CAM, and environmental influences upon the design and manufacturing process
keywords What are the best tools to use in communications with a system? CAD, CAM, user interface
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id cf2007_237
id cf2007_237
authors Schnabel, Marc Aurel
year 2007
title Parametric Designing in Architecture
source Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / 978-1-4020-6527-9 2007 [Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / 978-1-4020-6527-9] Sydney (Australia) 11–13 July 2007, pp. 237-250
summary Parametric design techniques offer obvious advantages for engineering and manufacturing processes, now architects emerge to apply these methods in their creation of design suggesting solutions at an earlier stage of the process. Through the coupling of architectural design with parametric modelling methods, the paper presents novel techniques that enhance architects' contribution to building processes based on parametric design creation. This allows a deeper comprehension of the design objectives and aids designers in their decisions to find solutions.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2007/07/06 12:47

_id 2005_125
id 2005_125
authors Schoch, Odilo
year 2005
title Applying a Digital Chain in Teaching CAAD and CAAM
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.125
source Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 125-129
summary This paper describes a successful approach in teaching caad and the use of state-of-the art caad-technologies in postgraduate architectural education. Since it’s first set up in the year 2002, variations of this curriculum were applied on an annual basis. Its main characteristic is the efficient transfer of knowledge and practical use of more than 10 central techniques in CAAD/CAAM (computer aided architectural manufacturing) within the tight period of 6 months. Recipients were international postgraduate students from the field of architecture and related disciplines. Their studies were a full-time course lasting 12 months with six months modular introduction and 6 months individual and group thesis works.
keywords Teaching, Collaborative Design, CNC Production, Mass Customisation, Education & Practice, User Participation, Web-based Design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id sigradi2020_750
id sigradi2020_750
authors Secchi, Carla Cristina; Piaia, Luana Peroza; Avila, Paola; Scariot, Ana Luisa
year 2020
title Applying the Wikihouse Constructive System in Architecture Atelier: from teaching to the materialization of urban furniture
source SIGraDi 2020 [Proceedings of the 24th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISSN: 2318-6968] Online Conference 18 - 20 November 2020, pp. 750-757
summary The Wikihouse model combines parameterization with production of housing in the short term. By inserting these methodologies in the graduation course, the students are approached to innovative and efficient solutions. This research reports the applying of the WikiHouse version3.0 in architecture classroom, having as final product an urban furniture. It is constructed from the experience in a Higher Education Institution, from theory to manufacturing. Positive and negative points are pointed out, as well the response of the final product. The proposal contributes to the perception of new forms of production by students, from digital fabrication and prototyping.
keywords WikiHouse, Design Process, Urban Furniture, Teaching, Digital Fabrication
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2021/07/16 11:52

_id sigradi2010_138
id sigradi2010_138
authors Senagala, Mahesh
year 2010
title Anachronisms of Digital Fabrication in Architecture: Some Questions of Relevance [Anachronisms of Digital Fabrication in Architecture: Some Questions of Relevance]
source SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 138-141
summary This paper takes a critical look at some of the anachronisms of digital fabrication (manufacturing) technologies in architectural discipline. The author raises questions of strategy, economy, societal impact, curricula, relevance, scale, innovation and affordability. The author observes that the late adoption and appropriation of digital fabrication technologies in architecture are anachronistic. By bringing these anachronisms to our attention, the paper hopes to enable constructive action to be taken in education, practice and research of digital fabrication technologies in architecture.
keywords fabrication, criticism, affordability, developing world, BoP
series SIGRADI
last changed 2016/03/10 10:00

_id sigradi2021_199
id sigradi2021_199
authors Sencan, Inanç, Alaçam, Sema and Sener, Sinan Mert
year 2021
title Designing Printers that Print onto Spherical Geometries: A Lo-Fi Prototyping Case
source Gomez, P and Braida, F (eds.), Designing Possibilities - Proceedings of the XXV International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2021), Online, 8 - 12 November 2021, pp. 559–570
summary This study presents a novel 3D printing mechanism specifically designed to print on spherical surfaces. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is adopted. The initial prototypes of the designed 3D printer have been tested with a specific focus on rotational movement mechanism and developing G-code solutions. The results of the low fidelity prototyping process are discussed in the context of stability of the system, usability of the proposed tool, sufficiency of step motor torque, distance between nozzle and the printing surface, producibility with reasonable budget, and flexibility. The distinctive feature of this study, unlike robot-aided additive manufacturing applications, is that it can be achieved with a low budget. The study is expected to be useful for designers who are interested in designing bespoke additive manufacturing solutions for double-curved and spherical geometries.
keywords Additive manifacturing, Tool design, Direct-to-shape, Complex geometries
series other
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/16 10:00

_id ecaade2014_120
id ecaade2014_120
authors Serdar Asut
year 2014
title Design By Making - Enhanced Human-Computer Interaction for Digital Conception and Manufacturing in Architectural Education
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.401
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 401-410
summary This paper presents an ongoing project which aims to develop an HCI application. The purpose of the application is to introduce tactile experience into digital design cycle and to have transparent links between different phases of the design object. Thus, it will provide a hybrid design environment in which design conception and manufacturing are integrated and enhanced learning opportunities towards an architectural education where making is fundamental.
wos WOS:000361384700040
keywords Human-computer interaction; tactile experience in design; architectural education
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id caadria2020_230
id caadria2020_230
authors Shaked, Tom, Bar-Sinai, Karen Lee and Sprecher, Aaron
year 2020
title Autonomous in Craft - Embedding Human Sensibility in Architectural Robotic Fabrication
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2020.2.243
source D. Holzer, W. Nakapan, A. Globa, I. Koh (eds.), RE: Anthropocene, Design in the Age of Humans - Proceedings of the 25th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 2, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-6 August 2020, pp. 243-252
summary Recent advancements in robotics allow architects to explore the coupling of manual craft with digital tools. However, current methods remain limited in addressing high-skill, custom tasks involving material uncertainty. In this context, the paper presents three capacities that stand at the core of performing autonomous robotic craft. These include documenting the movements and gestures of local stone craftsmen; augmenting the robotic system with a custom end effector and a sensor toolkit; and enhancing the fabrication process through a protocol that translates the documented data to an autonomous process. The three capacities aid in preserving local crafts, expanding robotic tools with new capabilities, and enabling architectural fabrication with a broader range of materials.
keywords Robotic fabrication; simulation; feedback-based automated manufacturing; digital craft; stone carving
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ecaadesigradi2019_522
id ecaadesigradi2019_522
authors Shi, Ji, Cho, Yesul, Taylor, Meghan and Correa, David
year 2019
title Guiding Instability - A craft-based approach for modular 3D clay printed masonry screen units
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.1.477
source Sousa, JP, Xavier, JP and Castro Henriques, G (eds.), Architecture in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution - Proceedings of the 37th eCAADe and 23rd SIGraDi Conference - Volume 1, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2019, pp. 477-484
summary As the field of 3D printing technologies expand, complex materials that require a deeper engagement, due to their more unstable properties, are of increasing interest. Cementitious composites, clays and other ceramic materials are of particular relevance: their potential for fast large-scale fabrication and local availability position these technologies at the forefront of expansion for 3D printing. Despite the extensive benefits inherent to clays, their irregularities and the largely unpredictable deviations that occur when printing from a digital model, currently limit design and architectural-scale applications. However, these deformations could conversely be harnessed as design generators, opening up avenues for both aesthetic and functional exploration. The paper presents an investigation into the inherent material instabilities of the clay 3D printing process for the development of an architectural masonry facade system. Through an iterative process based in craft, a new capacity for material expression and authenticity beyond previous manufacturing capabilities can become actualized.
keywords 3D printing; digital craft; clay; material computation; uncertainty; hybrid fabrication
series eCAADeSIGraDi
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id sigradi2022_203
id sigradi2022_203
authors Silva Nogueira, Antônio Henrique; Guerra, Manuel; Viana Revoredo, Eliane Cristina
year 2022
title Digital fabrication of facial prostheses from photogrammetry, three-dimensional modeling and 3D printing on filament (FDM) and resin (SLA).
source Herrera, PC, Dreifuss-Serrano, C, Gómez, P, Arris-Calderon, LF, Critical Appropriations - Proceedings of the XXVI Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2022), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, 7-11 November 2022 , pp. 491–502
summary This paper aims to describe the process of digital manufacturing of facial prostheses for patients injured by cancer. For this the proposed innovation is the use of low-cost digital tools, such as photogrammetry, 3D modeling and 3D printing. The main software used are Blender for modeling the prostheses and the add-on OrtogOnBlender for generating photogrammetry. As a result of the process, the following can be observed: 1 - Less invasive approach to the patient; 2 - Low production cost; 3 - Optimization in production time; 4 - Greater anatomy accuracy and prosthesis details; 5 - Documentation through digital recording of the entire process.
keywords Digital Fabrication, Photogrammetry, Prosthetics, 3D Modeling, 3D Printing
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2023/05/16 16:56

_id e199
authors Simondetti, Alvise
year 1999
title Remote Computer Generated Physical Prototyping Based Design
source AVOCAAD Second International Conference [AVOCAAD Conference Proceedings / ISBN 90-76101-02-07] Brussels (Belgium) 8-10 April 1999, pp. 229-236
summary This research explores some of the opportunities offered by the field of computer aided design. It differs from much of the research in the field in the sense that it extends beyond the boundaries of the computer screen by building and testing a computational and communication design environment made of computers, computer peripherals and digital communication devices. From our observation of the designer's interaction with the computer generated physical prototyping systems we were able to confirm the unique haptic feedback and understanding of complex three- dimensional geometry. We also found limitations of the environment in relation to evolutionary design. It was clear from those experiments with algorithmically generated design alternatives that potentially terrific opportunities lies in their combination with computer generated physical prototypes and manufacturing systems.
series AVOCAAD
last changed 2005/09/09 10:48

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