CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 8302

_id ecaade2024_117
id ecaade2024_117
authors Su, Xinyu; Luo, Jianhe; Liu, Zidong; Yan, Gaoliang
year 2024
title Text to Terminal: A framework for generating airport terminal layout with large-scale language-image models
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2024.1.469
source Kontovourkis, O, Phocas, MC and Wurzer, G (eds.), Data-Driven Intelligence - Proceedings of the 42nd Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2024), Nicosia, 11-13 September 2024, Volume 1, pp. 469–478
summary Large-scale language-image (LLI) models present novel opportunities for architectural design by facilitating its multimodal process via text-image interactions. However, the inherent two-dimensionality of their outputs restricts their utility in architectural practice. Airport terminals, characterized by their flexibility and patterned forms, with most of the design operations occurring at the level of master plan, indicating a promising application area for LLI models. We propose a workflow that, in the early design phase, employs a fine-tuned Stable Diffusion model to generate terminal design solutions from textual descriptions and a site image, followed by a quantitative evaluation from an architectural expert's viewpoint. We created our dataset by collecting satellite images of 295 airport terminals worldwide and annotating them in terms of size and form. Using Terminal 2 of Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport as a case study, we scored the original and generated solutions on three airside evaluation metrics, verifying the validity of the proposed method. Our study bridges image generation and expert architectural design assessments, providing valuable insights into the practical application of LLI models in architectural practice and introducing a new method for the intelligent design of large-scale public buildings.
keywords Multimodal Machine Learning, Diffusion Model, Text-to-Architecture, Airport Terminal Configuration Design, Post-Generation Evaluation
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2024/11/17 22:05

_id cf2019_012
id cf2019_012
authors Su, Zhouzhou
year 2019
title Optimizing Spatial Adjacency in Hospital Master Planning
source Ji-Hyun Lee (Eds.) "Hello, Culture!"  [18th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2019, Proceedings / ISBN 978-89-89453-05-5] Daejeon, Korea, p. 101
summary Hospitals are one of the most complex building types. Each is comprised of a wide range of service areas and functional spaces. Spatial relationships comprise one of the most critical design criteria, to be considered early-on in the master planning stage. Proper adjacency contributes to shorter travel distances, better wayfinding, improved patient care, higher satisfaction, and reduced overall cost. However, there is a lack of research on the automatic generation of design solutions that can be applied to real-world hospital master planning projects. Moreover, given the complexity of hospital design, an optimization tool is needed that is capable of evaluating both machine- and human-generated solutions. This study proposes a rating system for evaluating existing plans and proposed designs in hospital master planning, and explores optimal design solutions through rapid computational simulations. The first stage of this work presents interviews with senior professionals in the industry to explore best practices regarding spatial relationships in hospital planning. The second stage describes an automatic analysis tool for ranking the design options generated by healthcare planners and examining optimal design solutions that feature the best spatial adjacencies. This tool was employed in a recent master planning project with over fifty programming spaces, in order to test its validity.
keywords Optimization, Spatial Adjacency, Hospital Master Planning
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2019/07/29 14:08

_id 98f4
authors Suchar de O`hayon, Haia Ziva
year 2001
title Prototipo automatizado para generar alternativas de densificación para la ciudad de maracaibo [An Automated Prototype to Generate Alternatives of Densification for the City of Maracaibo]
source 2da Conferencia Venezolana sobre Aplicación de Computadores en Arquitectura, Maracaibo (Venezuela) december 2001, pp. 174-183
summary Base upon the model considered by the PDUL (1994), this work proposes and automated prototype that help the architects and urban planners to conceive judgments of value through the manipulation of proposed variables, to elaborate alternatives for different situations needing the increment of the urban density. This document considers two parts of the proposal: The written document, which is the theorical basement of the system; and the prototype, developed to prove the performance of the system. The prototype, on the other hand, is constituted by the "generation of alternatives" and the "help", the theoretical and conceptual support.
series other
email
last changed 2003/02/14 08:29

_id caadria2021_042
id caadria2021_042
authors Sun, Chengyu, Lin, Yinshan and Li, Shuyang
year 2021
title Automatic Generation of Signboards in Large-Scale Transportation Building Driven by Passengers' Paths
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2021.1.011
source A. Globa, J. van Ameijde, A. Fingrut, N. Kim, T.T.S. Lo (eds.), PROJECTIONS - Proceedings of the 26th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 1, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Online, Hong Kong, 29 March - 1 April 2021, pp. 11-20
summary The signage design of any large-scale transportation building is vital to its passengers wayfinding experiences. Firstly, a set of passengers paths should be re-designed by signage designers according to the latest requirements, which always deviates from the initial ones in large-scale projects or inevitably updates during a long-term running. Afterwards, the path design has to be transformed into the layout and content of signboards manually. It is a time-consuming and error-prone process. This study introduces a human-computer hybrid workflow keeping the flexible path design in the hands of designers and leaving the following procedures to an algorithm, which automatically generates signboard contents ready for construction. It is proved efficient with more than 3000 signboards in the project of PVG Airport, Shanghai. Furthermore, the designer got an opportunity to optimize his path design through various alternatives, which impossible traditionally.
keywords Design Automation; Human-Computer Hybrid; Signboard; Passenger Path; Transportation Building
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ecaade2008_046
id ecaade2008_046
authors Suša Mahuzier, Branko ; Labarca Montoya, Claudio; Burdiles Araneda, Macarena
year 2008
title Architecture of Structural Membrane in Chile
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.593
source Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 593-600
summary The present paper deals with the theoretical and technical reflection on basic structural principles that allow the generation and controlling of architectural complexity of double curvature surfaces.Despite the difficulties in designing and building such complex forms, Chile has several examples that were developed and built during the first half of the twentieth century. All of them were developed with local building technologies which studied the implementation of experimental and simple materials with innovative mounting techniques. All of them explored new structural concepts generating great interest of architectural spaces for religious cult, housing and civil works. The research objective of this work deals with the recognition and analysis with contemporary modelling and simulation tools that can reveal the type of relationship that occurs between the initial conception of the architectural shape and membranous structural surfaces. Their curvature and sleekness generated innovative structural spaces that contain an architectural envelope with clear and revealing expression of the acting forces.
keywords Membranes, shells, structural geometry, digital design simulation, structural simulation
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ecaade2015_143
id ecaade2015_143
authors Symeonidou, Ioanna
year 2015
title Flexible Matter - A Real-Time Shape Exploration Employing Analogue and Digital Form-Finding of Tensile Structures
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2015.2.135
source Martens, B, Wurzer, G, Grasl T, Lorenz, WE and Schaffranek, R (eds.), Real Time - Proceedings of the 33rd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, 16-18 September 2015, pp. 135-142
summary The paper presents a research on real-time shape exploration employing analogue and digital form-finding and concludes with a proposal for a teaching methodology that led to an intensive student workshop which took place at Graz University of Technology during 2014. The aim was to experiment with analogue and digital tools in parallel, counter-informing the design process. The experiments involved physical form-finding following the tradition of Frei Otto at the Institute of Lightweight Structures in Stuttgart as well as computational form-finding employing mainly dynamic relaxation techniques of spring-particle systems. The combination of techniques and methodologies eventually led to a feedback loop across different media that explored both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the projects at hand. By establishing feedback between digital media and physical prototypes, the creative process is immediately informed by the material characteristics and properties which in turn give rise to a real-time exploration of form.Simulations of physical forces for architectural form generation are increasingly gaining ground in architectural education as there is a broad selection of computational tools readily available that allow quick experiments to be conducted.
wos WOS:000372316000017
series eCAADe
email
more https://mh-engage.ltcc.tuwien.ac.at/engage/ui/watch.html?id=12e288be-6e8c-11e5-a73c-5fc23ebf2095
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ijac201614402
id ijac201614402
authors Symeonidou, Ioanna
year 2016
title Flexible matter: A real-time shape exploration employing analogue and digital form-finding of tensile structures
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 14 - no. 4, 322–332
summary The article presents a research on real-time shape exploration employing analogue and digital form-finding and concludes with a proposal for a teaching methodology that led to an intensive student workshop which took place at the Institute of Architecture and Media at Graz University of Technology. The aim was to experiment with analogue and digital tools in parallel, counter-informing the design process. The experiments involved physical form-finding following the tradition of Frei Otto at the Institute of Lightweight Structures in Stuttgart as well as computational form- finding employing mainly dynamic relaxation techniques of spring-particle systems. The combination of techniques and methodologies eventually led to a feedback loop across different media that explored both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the projects at hand. By establishing feedback between digital media and physical prototypes, the creative process is immediately informed by the material characteristics and properties which in turn give rise to a real-time exploration of form. Simulations of physical forces for architectural form generation are increasingly gaining ground in architectural education as there is a broad selection of computational tools readily available that allow quick experiments to be conducted.
keywords Form-finding, analogue–digital, parametric design, tensile structures, computational physics simulation, experiential learning
series journal
email
last changed 2016/12/09 10:52

_id 2005_751
id 2005_751
authors Szalapaj, Peter
year 2005
title The Digital Design Process in Contemporary Architectural Practice
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.751
source Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 751-759
summary There is an increasing trend in contemporary architectural projects towards dependence upon digital processes for their organisation and technical evaluation of a range of design criteria. Digital representations are central not only to form generation and structural analysis, but also to the integration of fabrication and construction directly with the earlier design stages. It is important to bear in mind, however, that digital technology is only a means to an end which is the design process itself. Each technique of digital representation and analysis brings advantages and disadvantages to this process, and should therefore be described in these terms. It is becoming increasingly feasible to develop a rapid succession of distinct digital models, both geometric and dynamic, in early design stages. These can be tested and evaluated with respect to a range of analytical criteria, and the results of these analyses can affect further model development thus forming a cyclical process of 3-D digital model generation.
keywords Dynamic Modelling, Geometric Modelling, Surface Modelling, Parametric Representation, Digital Fabrication
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id 14fb
authors Tah, J.H.M., Howes, R. and Losifidis, P.
year 1998
title Information Modelling and Sharing in the CO-CIS Project
source The Int. Journal of Construction IT 6(2), pp. 67-85
summary Complex information structures are generated and exchanged during the life cycle of large projects. The key to realising improved collaboration amongst the several disciplines involved is in the integration of such structures. Object-orientation has emerged as an appropriate approach for handling the complexity inherent in construction domains. This paper presents a pure object-oriented Integrated Building Project Model (IBPM). The model is a definition of objects and relationships that pertain to the three different construction-related disciplines of architecture, structural engineering and project management. It provides the basis by which software applications can share objects and a means of achieving integration. From the IBPM, the notion of Intelligent Object Classes (IOCs) is introduced, leading to the COllaborative Construction Integrated System (CO-CIS), the development of which is described in terms of its generic conceptual architecture. The exploitation of the architecture in a prototype implementation of the IBPM and IOCs is demonstrated by the generation of construction schedules through the integration of CAD and project management packages.
series journal paper
last changed 2003/05/15 21:45

_id ecaade2022_143
id ecaade2022_143
authors Talmor-Blaistain, Anat and Fisher-Gewirtzman, Dafna
year 2022
title Developing an Interactive Method for Generation and Evaluation of Urban Environments
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.2.267
source Pak, B, Wurzer, G and Stouffs, R (eds.), Co-creating the Future: Inclusion in and through Design - Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2022) - Volume 2, Ghent, 13-16 September 2022, pp. 267–276
summary The ongoing increase in the population sizes of urban dwellers around the globe translates into dense and crowded neighborhoods that may negatively impact residents’ well-being. This research study presents a novel process for creating, evaluating, and filtering a range of suitable urban planning alternatives at the neighborhood scale, using generative tools and computerized analytical tools. This innovative model enables the proposal of a range of planning alternatives during the initial planning stages when changes can be made simply and without incurring unnecessary costs. Generative approaches that find optimal solutions tend to process that resemble the “black box”. This can Couse the designer to feel a lack of involvement in the process. Therefore, the suggested method emphasizes interactions between the designer and computerized tools, providing an applicable algorithm that supports the designer in the decision-making process.
keywords Generative Urban Design, New Urbanism Theory, Dynamic Visibility Analysis (DVA), Daylight Analysis, Design Alternatives Filtering
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2024/04/22 07:10

_id ecaade2018_265
id ecaade2018_265
authors Tauscher, Helga and Stouffs, Rudi
year 2018
title An IFC-to-CityGML Triple Graph Grammar
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2018.1.517
source Kepczynska-Walczak, A, Bialkowski, S (eds.), Computing for a better tomorrow - Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland, 19-21 September 2018, pp. 517-524
summary A triple graph grammar has been adopted as a formal framework for semantic and geometric conversion of IFC models into CityGML Level of Detail (LoD) 3/4 building models. The advantages of a triple graph grammar approach are threefold: firstly, it allows for the conversion rules to be graphically defined; secondly, the generation of the conversion routines corresponding to these rules can be automated; and, thirdly, a complete mapping can be achieved in an incremental way by adding rule by rule.The objective of this work is the development of a methodology and algorithms to automate the conversion of Building Information Models into CityGML building models, capturing both geometric and semantic information as available in the BIM models, in order to create semantically enriched 3D city models that include both exterior and interior structures such as corridors, rooms, internal doors, and stairs.
keywords BIM; CityGML; Triple Graph Grammar; conversion
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id sigradi2013_313
id sigradi2013_313
authors Teixeira Mendes, Leticia; José Nuno Beirão; Gabriela Celani
year 2013
title Meta-PREVI: Uma Meta-Gramática para a Geração de Habitação de Interesse Social [Meta-PREVI: A Meta-Grammar for the Generation of Social Housing]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 217 - 222
summary A set of independent small grammars corresponding to design patterns were inferred from the PREVI Lima urban plan by C. Alexander. This pattern language composed of grammars inferred from the plan layout and grammars inferred from the text instructions (or pattern descriptions) written by Alexander can be applied to design new plans within a wider formal universe than what the plan layout would suggest.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 10:01

_id acadia22_182
id acadia22_182
authors Tessmer, Lavender; Goldstein, Ganit; Herrera-Arcos, Guillermo; Korolovych, Volodymyr; Bellisle, Rachel; Paige, Cody; Shallal, Christopher; Sahasrabudhe, Atharva; Herr, Hugh
year 2022
title 3D Knit Spacesuit Sleeve
source ACADIA 2022: Hybrids and Haecceities [Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9860805-8-1]. University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design. 27-29 October 2022. edited by M. Akbarzadeh, D. Aviv, H. Jamelle, and R. Stuart-Smith. 182-195.
summary This paper presents a novel approach to spacesuit fabrication and functionality using CNC knitting to enable precise material control throughout the three-dimensional structure, creating higher functionality in a seamless and minimal textile architecture. We have developed a 3D textile framework consisting of a computational design workflow, multifunctional fiber integration, and a highly customizable 3D layering method that can be adapted to the personalized dimensions of the body. This method includes designating regions for mobility, tunable compression, integrated sensing, and quick donning and doffing within a single sleeve prototype as a first step toward a novel approach for spacesuit fabrication. While this work has focused on the spacesuit application, we imagine future applications in other textile architectures and next-generation apparel with integrated monitoring for increased performance, environmental regulation, and improved comfort.
series ACADIA
type paper
email
last changed 2024/02/06 14:00

_id ddss2006-pb-135
id DDSS2006-PB-135
authors Theo A. Arentze, Aloys W.J. Borgers, and Harry J.P. Timmermans
year 2006
title A Heuristic Method for Land-Use Plan Generation in Planning Support Systems
source Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) 2006, Progress in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, ISBN-10: 90-386-1756-9, ISBN-13: 978-90-386-1756-5, p. 135-151
summary Existing land-use allocation methods assume that the suitability of a spatial distribution of land-uses can be measured as the sum of suitability scores across parcels. Although this may be plausible for some land-uses, facilities such as retailing, schools, medical services, etc., intend to serve the needs of a local population and should be evaluated at the level of a facility network, instead. The purpose of the present paper is to develop a method that combines a suitable heuristic for facility-location planning with an existing mechanism for land-use allocation, to solve this shortcoming of existing models. In specific, the proposed method combines the interchange heuristic for locating facilities and a swapping heuristic for area-type land-use allocation in a multi-agent framework. A case study shows that the method generates plausible land-use plans in reasonable computation time.
keywords Urban planning, Planning support systems, Location-allocation models, Suitability analysis
series DDSS
last changed 2006/08/29 12:55

_id acadia13_109
id acadia13_109
authors Thün, Geoffrey; Velikov, Kathy
year 2013
title Adaptation as a Framework for Reconsidering High-Performance Residential Design: A Case Study
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.109
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 109-118
summary This paper outlines an approach to adaptive residential design explored through recent research and an executed prototype, the North House project (2007-2009), undertaken through an interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers and students from the University of Waterloo, Ryerson University and Simon Fraser University in concert with professional and industry partners. This project aimed to develop a framework for the delivery of adaptive detached residential buildings capable of net-zero energy performance in the temperate climate zone, or the near north. Within this project, the term “adaptive” is developed across several tracts of conceptualization and execution including site and climatically derived models for building material composition and envelope ratios, environmentally-responsive kinetic envelope components, intelligent HVAC controls and interactive interface design aimed at producing co-evolutionary behaviors between building systems and inhabitants. A provisional definition of adaptive architecture is outlined to address this range of considerations that calls into question the stable image of domestic architecture and its relationship to energy and contemporary assumptions regarding sustainable design. This paper also outlines computational approaches to design optimization, distributed building systems integration and the human-controls interfaces applicable to the home’s ecology of physical and information technologies.
keywords next generation technology, responsive buildings, high performance envelopes, sensing and feedback, passive and active systems, energy modeling, user interface
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id acadia13_261
id acadia13_261
authors Tibbits, Skylar; Falvello, Ana
year 2013
title BioMolecular, Chiral and Irregular Self-Assemblies
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.267
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 267-268
summary As disciplines converge and new capabilities are developed for programmable materials and self-assembly across length scales and industrial applications, designers will need new models for understanding the fundamental principles within this new paradigm. This paper outlines the key ingredients for self-assembly through a number of recent projects including the BioMolecular Self-Assembly and Chiral Self-Assembly projects. Further possibilities of non-deterministic self-assembly will be highlighted through asymmetrical units, nucleus models and hierarchical assemblies. Finally, opportunities for high-yield self-assembly and future applications for manufacturing and construction scenarios will be outlined. Self-assembly offers a glimpse into a future world of highly programmable, intelligent materials that promise far more adaptive, resilient and efficient built environments.
keywords next generation technology, self-assembly, programmable materials, chirality, non-deterministic assembly
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id acadia08_230
id acadia08_230
authors Tierney, Therese
year 2008
title Network Morphologies: Neuronal Systems as Models for Relational Form Generation
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2008.230
source Silicon + Skin: Biological Processes and Computation, [Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) / ISBN 978-0-9789463-4-0] Minneapolis 16-19 October 2008, 230-237
summary Since the late 1990s, architectural form making has investigated advanced computation at the earliest stages of design through inductive analytic and algorithmic processes. This paper proposes a relational or contextual organization by analyzing existing networked models. It firstly presents a literature review regarding the development of networked models and then outlines the requirements for a conceptual prototype for future design applications.
keywords Computation; Design; Generative; Morphogenesis; Neural Networks
series ACADIA
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id 8beb
authors Tomkinson, James H.
year 1983
title UCAD : Building Design Automation with General Purpose Software Tools on UNIX
source ACM IEEE Design Automation Conference proceedings (20th : 1983 : Miami Beach, Florida). pp. 774-787 : ill. includes bibliography: p. 778
summary This paper describes a unique approach to a successful Design Automation System. It is an evolutionary approach, building on flexible, general purpose UNIX software tools. It is useful in such areas of design as circuit schematics, custom IC, backplanes, software code generation, building space management, music composition and many others. Examples from two year design automation effort known as UCAD are included
keywords design, automation, software, UNIX, CAD, applications
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id c49e
authors Tomlinson, Phil and Gero, John S.
year 1997
title Emergent Shape Generation in Design Using the Boundary Contour System
source CAAD Futures 1997 [Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-7923-4726-9] München (Germany), 4-6 August 1997, pp. 865-874
summary This paper discusses the boundary contour system as the basis of a computational model of emergent recognition applicable in design. Details of this system which make it appealing as a computational approach for emergent recognition are introduced. The performance of a system implementation is covered and an extension to improve its performance is discussed.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 1999/04/06 09:19

_id cf2015_358
id cf2015_358
authors Tonn, Christian and Bringmann, Oliver
year 2015
title Point Clouds to BIM: Methods for Building Parts Fitting in Laser Scan Data
source The next city - New technologies and the future of the built environment [16th International Conference CAAD Futures 2015. Sao Paulo, July 8-10, 2015. Electronic Proceedings/ ISBN 978-85-85783-53-2] Sao Paulo, Brazil, July 8-10, 2015, pp. 358-369.
summary New construction within existing buildings requires documentation of the existing buildings, in a form that one is familiar with from new construction or architectural design. Laser scanning is a powerful tool to survey the built reality. It provides a replica of the existing building in the form of a point cloud. The difficulty is to analyse the resulting amounts of data that has been generated and being able to interpret it as a Building Information Model (BIM). This article proposes a new generic approach for pattern recognition of architectural objects. The procedure is introduced through the use of two examples - polygon fitting, which is important for the generation of new building element classes and wall detection. The second part describes how individual components can be automatically connected to consistent networks. BIM systems walls should be aligned, within predefined limits of accuracy, either perpendicular to or in line with each other.
keywords point cloud, BIM, pattern recognition, components, wall alignment.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2015/06/29 07:55

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