Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	d347
authors	Kvan, Th., Vera, A. and West, R.L.
year	1997
title	Expert and Situated Actions in Collaborative Design
source	Proceedings of Second International Workshop on CSCW in Design, ed. P. Siriruchatapong, Z. Lin & J.-P. Barthes. Second International Workshop on CSCW in Design, Beijing: International Academic Publishers, November, pp. 400-405
summary	This paper considers one of the fundamental questions behind research and implementation into collaborative design systems for architectural design: To what extent is design situated and to what extent is it expert behaviour? Extending from this question arises implementation questions for CSCW systems for architectural design. The authors propose a cognitive model of design and tested the model experimentally. From the results of the experiments; a discussion is presented of the expert and situated facets of the design process which have been manifested.
keywords	Collaboration; CSCW; Group Work; Design
series	other
email
last changed	2003/01/28 12:06

_id	789d
authors	Kvan, Th., West, R. and Vera, A.
year	1997
title	Tools for a Virtual Design Community
source	Preprints Formal Aspects of Collaborative CAD, ed. M. L. Maher, J. S. Gero & F. Sudweeks, Sydney: Key Centre of Design Computing, Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney, pp. 109-123
summary	This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the effects of computer-mediated communication on collaboratively solving design problems. When setting up a virtual design community; choices must be made between a variety of tools; choices dictated by budget; bandwidth; ability and availability. How do you choose between the tools; which is useful and how will each affect the outcome of the design exchanges you plan? A commonly used method is to analyze the work done and to identify tools which support this type of work. In general; research on the effects of computer-mediation on collaborative work has concentrated mainly on social-psychological factors such as deindividuation and attitude polarization; and used qualitative methods. In contrast; we propose to examine the process of collaboration itself; focusing on separating those component processes which primarily involve individual work from those that involve genuine interaction. Extending the cognitive metaphor of the brain as a computer; we view collaboration in terms of a network process; and examine issues of control; coordination; and delegation to separate sub-processors. Through this methodology we attempt to separate the individual problem-solving component from the larger process of collaboration.
keywords	CSCW; Group Work; Design; Expertise; Collaboration; Novice
series	other
email
last changed	2002/11/15 18:29

_id	0f97
authors	Kvan, Th., West, R. and Vera, A.
year	1997
title	Choosing Tools for a Virtual Community
source	Creative Collaboration in Virtual Communities 1997, ed. A. Cicognani. VC'97. Sydney: Key Centre of Design Computing, Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney, 20 p.
summary	This paper reports on the results of experiments carried out to identify the effects of computer-mediated communication between participants involved in a design problem. When setting up a virtual design community, choices must be made between a variety of tools, choices dictated by budget, bandwidth, ability, availability. How do you choose between the tools, which is useful and how will each affect the outcome of the design exchanges you plan? Cognitive modelling methodologies such as GOMS have been used by interface designers to capture the mechanisms of action and interaction involved in routine expert behavior. Using this technique, which breaks down an individual's behaviors into Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules, it is possible to evaluate the impact of different aspects of an interface in task-specific ways. In the present study, the GOMS methodology was used to characterize the interactive behavior of knowledgeable participants as they worked on a design task under different communication-support conditions. Pairs of participants were set a design problem and asked to solve it in face-to-face settings. The same problem was then tackled by participants in settings using two different modes of computer-supported communication: email and an electronic whiteboard. Protocols were collected and analyzed in terms of the constraints of each tool relative to the task and to each other. The GOMS methodology was used as a way to represent the collaborative design process in a way that yields information on both the productivity and performance of participants in each of the three experimental conditions. It also yielded information on the component elements of the design process, the basic cognitive building-blocks of design, thereby suggesting fundamentally new tools that might be created for interaction in virtual environments. A further goal of the study was to explore the nature of task differences in relation to alternative platforms for communication. It was hypothesized that design processes involving significant negotiation would be less aided by computer support than straight forward design problems. The latter involve cooperative knowledge application by both participants and are therefore facilitated by information-rich forms of computer support. The former, on the other hand, requires conflict resolution and is inhibited by non face-to-face interaction. The results of this study point to the fact that the success of collaboration in virtual space is not just dependent on the nature of the tools but also on the specific nature of the collaborative task.
keywords	Cognitive Models, Task-analysis, GOMS
series	other
email
last changed	2003/05/15 20:50

_id	10f9
authors	Kvan, Th., West, R. and Vera, A.
year	1998
title	Tools and Channels of Communication
source	International Journal of Virtual Reality, 3:3, 1998, pp. 21-33
summary	This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the effects of computer-mediated communication on collaboratively solving design problems. When setting up a virtual design community; choices must be made between a variety of tools; choices dictated by budget; bandwidth; ability and availability. How do you choose between the tools; which is useful and how will each affect the outcome of the design exchanges you plan? A commonly used method is to analyze the work done and to identify tools which support this type of work. In general; research on the effects of computer-mediation on collaborative work has concentrated mainly on social-psychological factors such as deindividuation and attitude polarization; and used qualitative methods. In contrast; we propose to examine the process of collaboration itself; focusing on separating those component processes which primarily involve individual work from those that involve genuine interaction. Extending the cognitive metaphor of the brain as a computer; we view collaboration in terms of a network process; and examine issues of control; coordination; and delegation to separate sub-processors. Through this methodology we attempt to separate the individual problem-solving component from the larger process of collaboration.
keywords	Expertise; Collaboration; Novice
series	journal paper
email
last changed	2002/11/15 18:29

_id	8b8e
authors	Kvan, Th., Wong, J.T.H. and Vera, A.H.
year	2000
title	Supporting Structural Activities in Design: A Multiple-Case Study
source	Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD2000), Hong Kong, November 29 – December 2, 2000, pp. 116-120
summary	This paper describes case studies in design teaching and their analysis; examining the role of structural activities and other solution searching activities in design learning and problem solving. The case studies follow students working on the same problem under two conditions – one group is taught using traditional face-to-face teaching while the other group is supported by a text-based web board. The design activities of two students were followed in each condition through a semester; followed by in-depth interviews at the end of semester. Interviews and logs were coded according to an activity-based model of design activity. The results show that cases with above average design work involved more structural activities than the mediocre cases. It also showed that design problem dissections are more organized in the better cases. These successful cases engaged in textual expression of their design solutions. Computer tools for design should therefore support textual representation in addition to graphic; video or audio.
keywords	Collaborative Design; Computer Supported Collaborative Work; Structure Activities; Text
series	other
email
last changed	2002/11/15 18:29

_id	ec9c
authors	Kvan, Th., Wong, J.T.H. and Vera, A.H.
year	2003
title	THE CONTRIBUTION OF STRUCTURAL ACTIVITIES TO SUCCESSFUL DESIGN
source	International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology , 16:2/3, pp. 122-126
summary	Examining case studies in design teaching and their analysis; we identify the role of structural activities and other solution searching activities in design learning and problem solving. The case studies follow students working on the same problem under two conditions – one group is taught using traditional face-to-face teaching while the other group is additionally supported by a text-based web board. The design activities of two students were followed in each condition through a semester; followed by in-depth interviews at the end of semester. The results show that cases with above average design work involved more structural activities than the mediocre cases. It also showed that design problem dissections are more organized in the better cases. These successful cases engaged in textual expression of their design solutions. Computer tools for design should therefore support multiple representations of design work.
keywords	Structure Activity; Representation; Text; Models; Teaching; Learning
series	journal paper
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2004/09/24 14:39

_id	4ae4
authors	Kvan, Th., Yip, A. and Vera, A.
year	1999
title	Supporting Design Studio Learning: An investigation into design communication in computer-supported collaboration
source	CSCL’99, Stanford, December 1999, pp. 328-332
summary	Earlier studies suggest that benefits may be found in chat line communication rather than high bandwidth video-conferencing conditions when considering collaborative design learning. This paper draws together studies that look at this conjecture and concludes that chat line collaboration reduces fixation in problem space exploration. This encourages the participants to explore design opportunities in a different way than graphical or video based communication.
keywords	Design Learning; Collaborative Design; Text Communication; Architectural Design
series	other
email
last changed	2002/11/15 18:29

_id	caadria1996_000
id	caadria1996_000
authors	Kvan, Thomas (ed.)
year	1996
title	CAADRIA 1996: The Introduction of Technology: CAAD Teaching and Research Directions in Asia
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1996
source	Proceedings of The First Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 9627-75-703-9] Hong Kong (Hong Kong) 25-27 April 1996, 316 p.
series	CAADRIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	2b9a
authors	Kvan, Thomas (Ed.)
year	1996
title	The Introduction of Technology [CAADRIA ‘96 Conference Proceedings]
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1996.
source	Proceedings of The First Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 9627-75-703-9 / Hong Kong (Hong Kong) 25-27 April 1996, 316 p.
summary	Computers have established themselves as indispensable tools in the practice of architecture; there are few practices today which do not have access to computers for some aspects of their work. Similarly, we have seen purchases of systems by almost every school of architecture in the region in the past few years. The pervasive application of the tools in practice and the ease of access to some form of computing in architectural schools poses a challenge to which architectural education has responded.
series	CAADRIA
email
more	http://www.caadria.org
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	4d8d
authors	Kvan, Thomas
year	2000
title	Teaching Architecture, Learning Architecture. Technology in Support of Design Learning
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2000.181
source	CAADRIA 2000 [Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 981-04-2491-4] Singapore 18-19 May 2000, pp. 181-190
summary	In the many years of conferences on the teaching of computer skills or application of computers in design studios, we see discussions about the needs, methods and benefits of teaching the use of computer tools. A few of the papers review how students learn but none report how computer tools can be directly beneficial to the student's learning of design. This paper reviews design learning and illustrates how computer tools have been used to support learning.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	59e6
authors	Kvan, Thomas
year	2002
title	Revelation in representation
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.x.m0v
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 429
summary	Design proceeds through representations. We work with poetic analogy, evocation or functional analysis. As a taste of food may transport us through time to another space, so may a designer seek to evoke particular responses from an occupant of a space. Tabulations and spreadsheets set out a version of a future reality that will be a physical form that transports the occupant to higher perceptions of reality. Space therefor3e is understood through many representations and such multiple representations are needed in the design process as well as in the consumption or use of space.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	f9c4
authors	Kvan, Thomas and Candy, Linda
year	1999
title	Designing Collaborative Environments for Strategic Knowledge in Design
source	2nd International Workshop on Strategic Knowledge and Concept Formation, Iwate Prefectural University, 20-22 October 1999, pp. 85-94
summary	This paper considers aspects of strategic knowledge in design and some implications for designing in collaborative environments. Two key questions underline the concerns. First; how can strategic knowledge for collaborative design be taught and second; what kind of computer-based collaborative designing might best support the learning of strategic knowledge? We argue that the support of learning of strategic knowledge in collaborative design by computer-mediated means must be based upon empirical evidence about the nature of learning and design practice in the real world. Examples of research by the authors that seeks to provide that evidence are described and an approach to computer system design and evaluation proposed.
keywords	Collaborative Design; Strategic Knowledge; Empirical Studies; Computer Support
series	other
email
last changed	2002/11/15 18:29

_id	c97f
authors	Kvan, Thomas and Candy, Linda
year	2000
title	Designing Collaborative Environments for Strategic Knowledge in Design
source	Knowledge-Based Systems, 13:6, November 2000, pp. 429-438
summary	This paper considers aspects of strategic knowledge in design and some implications for designing in collaborative environments. Two key questions underline the concerns. First; how can strategic knowledge for collaborative design be taught and second; what kind of computer-based collaborative designing might best support the learning of strategic knowledge? We argue that the support of learning of strategic knowledge in collaborative design by computer-mediated means must be based upon empirical evidence about the nature of learning and design practice in the real world. This evidence suggests different ways of using computer-support for design learning and acquistion of strategic design knowledge. Examples of research by the authors that seeks to provide that evidence are described and an approach to computer system design and evaluation proposed.
keywords	Collaborative Design; Strategic Knowledge; Empirical Studies; Computer Support
series	journal paper
email
last changed	2002/11/15 18:29

_id	2004_410
id	2004_410
authors	Kvan, Thomas and Gao, Song
year	2004
title	Frames, Knowledge and Media - An investigative Study of Frame Systems within Computer and Paper Supported Collaborative Design Process
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2004.410
source	Architecture in the Network Society [22nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-2-4] Copenhagen (Denmark) 15-18 September 2004, pp. 410-417
summary	Can media foster better performance of problem framing? Problem framing contributes to successful design learning. Minsky classified this activity into four types of frames. In collaborative design, media as external representation assist designers to converse their ideas with others and themselves. This paper explores the effects of rich and lean media on the context of frame systems within computer supported and paper supported collaborative design environments. Through conducting laboratory experiment we find that different media indeed can influence the distribution of frames along the whole design sessions. To investigate this phenomenon some possible reasons related to theory are explored, shedding light on our future study on design education.
keywords	Collaborative Design; Design Media; Design Cognition; Design Knowledge; Frame Systems
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	d7b0
authors	Kvan, Thomas and Kolarevic, Branko
year	2002
title	Rapid prototyping and its application in architectural design
source	Automation in Construction 11 (3) (2002) pp. 277-278
summary	At the beginning of the 20th century, the clarion call of the Modern Movement was sounded to awaken architects to the purity and clarity of engineered and manufactured goods. In this aesthetic, the house was to be considered a manufactured item, drawing upon scientific and engineering logic for the design to be clarified and reduced to the essential. Mass production of the house would bring the best to a widemarket and design would not cater to the elite. At the start of the 21st century, the goal remains, although reinterpreted, with the process inverted. No longer does factory production mean mass production of a standard item to fit all purposes, i.e., one size fits all. Instead, we now strive for mass customization, bringing the benefits of factory production to the creation of a unique component or series of similar elements differentiated through digitally controlled variation.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	2e3b
authors	Kvan, Thomas and Kvan, Erik
year	1997
title	Is Design Really Social
source	Creative Collaboration in Virtual Communities 1997, ed. A. Cicognani. VC'97. Sydney: Key Centre of Design Computing, Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney, 8 p.
summary	There are many who will readily agree with Mitchell’s assertion that “the most interesting new directions (for computer-aided design) are suggested by the growing convergence of computation and telecommunication. This allows us to treat designing not just as a technical process... but also as a social process.” [Mitchell 1995]. The assumption is that design was a social process until users of computer-aided design systems were distracted into treating it as a merely technical process. Most readers will assume that this convergence must and will lead to increased communication between design participants; that better social interaction leads to be better design. The unspoken assumption appears to be that putting the participants into an environment with maximal communication channels will result in design collaboration. The tools provided; therefore; must permit the best communication and the best social interaction. We think it essential to examine the foundations and assumptions on which software and environments are designed to support collaborative design communication. Of particular interest to us in this paper is the assumption about the “social” nature of design. Early research in computer-assisted design collaborations has jumped immediately into conclusions about communicative models which lead to high-bandwidth video connections as the preferred channel of collaboration. The unstated assumption is that computer-supported design environments are not adequate until they replicate in full the sensation of being physically present in the same space as the other participants (you are not there until you are really there). It is assumed that the real social process of design must include all the signals used to establish and facilitate face-to-face communication; including gestures; body language and all outputs of drawing (e.g. Tang [1991]). In our specification of systems for virtual design communities; are we about to fall into the same traps as drafting systems did?
keywords	CSCW; Virtual Community; Architectural Design; Computer-Aided Design
series	other
email
last changed	2002/11/15 18:29

_id	2005_449
id	2005_449
authors	Kvan, Thomas and Li, Siu-Pan
year	2005
title	Architectural Presentation with Laser Pointers on a Projection Screen
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.449
source	Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 449-456
summary	In a conventional group meeting environment with digital content presented on screen, the discussion may be dominated by a presenter who has the control of the computer. Being widely used in meetings, laser pointer is a potential tool that can tackle this problem. This paper describes a novel use of laser pointers in architectural presentations. A laser pointing system designed for a projector- and-screen environment was developed. The performance and usability of the system were tested. A controlled user experiment was carried out to compare the laser pointer with other interacting devices, including a mouse, a stylus, a trackpoint and a TabletPC. The usability was tested by using the system in a real application. Details of the laser pointing system, the experiments and the results are reported in this paper.
keywords	Laser Pointing System, Group Meeting Environment, Laser Pointer
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	caadria2005_a_8c_d
id	caadria2005_a_8c_d
authors	Kvan, Thomas, Gao, Song
year	2005
title	Examining the distribution of framing in design communication
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.458
source	CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 458-464
summary	Previous studies have employed statistical methods to identify correlations and significant differences in design activities among different design environments by means of protocal analysis. In our recent papers using the same methods, we identified the occurrences of frames in different design collaboration settings and calculated the proportion of frames occurring. The results have confirmed that problem framing in design activities is not at a disadvantage in digital settings. In this paper, a graphical technique, linkograph, is used to investigate the distribution of different types of frames among different design settings based on the structure of framing activities.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	caadria2005_a_2a_d
id	caadria2005_a_2a_d
authors	Kvan, Thomas, Li, Weidong
year	2005
title	A Computer-Supported Participative Design Jury
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.154
source	CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 154-164
summary	As the design jury changed from closed to open format, it inevitably becomes a learning environment in architectural education. But its educational goal has not been best achieved. A significant problem reported in the literature is that students are not able to participate effectively along the review process. In this research, we conducted a survey to study the local design juries and intend to interpret the survey result by examining the group process losses in conventional design juries. We also discussed the possibility to improve the effectiveness of design juries in terms of increasing students’ active participation and learning experience by integrating groupware to support a structured review process.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	e3ac
authors	Kvan, Thomas
year	1994
title	Reflections on Computer Mediated Architectural Design
source	IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol 37 number 4, December 1994, pp. 226-230
summary	The application of computer tools to mediating and promoting collaborative design efforts between mutually distant parties has become feasible. Technology is again ahead of practice and problems of assimilation have only begun to be explored. This paper postulates some requirements of environments for computer mediated collaborative design in architectural practice; drawing upon experiences of design collaboration between schools of architecture in three continents; supplementing these with enquiries into design excellence in practice
keywords	CSCW; Professional Practice; Architectural Design; Computer-Aided Design
series	other
email
last changed	2002/11/15 18:29

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