CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 5799

_id c3a7
authors Beck, Clyde B.
year 1972
title The Apple, Core of a Drafting System
source computer Graphics World. March, 1972. vol. 5: pp.68-69
summary Since a small architecture firm can not afford a big computing system, what is needed is some kind of a computer- aided drafting system that a small firm could afford, which would increase productivity and be readily understood by drafting technicians. The system must be built around a microcomputer. The author takes the Apple II and builds around it his system. The article discusses hardware and software of this project
keywords architecture, CAD, practice, drafting, hardware, software
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 10:24

_id ascaad2014_016
id ascaad2014_016
authors Al-Ratrout, Samer A. and Rana Zureikat
year 2014
title Pedagogic Approach in the Age of Parametric Architecture: Experimental method for teaching architectural design studio to 3rd year level students
source Digital Crafting [7th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2014 / ISBN 978-603-90142-5-6], Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), 31 March - 3 April 2014, pp. 211-226
summary In this era, Architectural Design Practice is faced with a paradigm shift in its conventional approaches towards computational methods. In this regard, it is considered a pedagogic challenge to boost up knowledge and skills of architectural students’ towards an advanced approach of architectural design that emphasizes the potentials and complexity of computational environments and parametric tools for design problem solving. For introducing the concept of Parametric Oriented Design Methods to 3rd year level architectural students, an experimental pedagogic course was designed in the scholastic year of 2012-2013 at German Jordanian University GJU (School of Architecture and Built Environment SABE) to approach this concept. In the preparation phase, the experimental course was designed to incorporate structured instructing and training method to be consecutively performed within experimental lab environment to target predetermined learning outcomes and goals. The involved students were intentionally classified into three levels of previous involvement associated with the related software operating skills and computational design exposure. In the implementation phase, the predetermined instructing and training procedures were performed in the controlled environment according to the planned tasks and time intervals. Preceded tactics were prepared to be executed to resolve various anticipated complication. In this phase also, students’ performance and comprehension capacity were observed and recorded. In data analysis phase, the observed results were verified and correlations were recognized. In the final phase, conclusions were established and recommendations for further related pedagogic experiments were introduced.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2016/02/15 13:09

_id caadria2014_042
id caadria2014_042
authors Alam, Jack and Jeremy J. Ham
year 2014
title Towards a BIM-Based Energy Rating System
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 285–294
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.285
summary Governments in Australia are faced with policy implementation that mandates higher energy efficient housing (Foran, Lenzen & Dey 2005). To this effect, the National Construction Code (NCC) 2013 stipulates the minimum energy performance for residential buildings as 114MJ/m2 per annum or 6 stars on an energy rating scale. Compliance with this minimum is mandatory but there are several methods through which residential buildings can be rated to comply with the deemed to satisfy provisions outlined in the NCC. FirstRate5 is by far the most commonly used simulation software used in Victoria, Australia. Meanwhile, Building Information Modelling (BIM), using software such as ArchiCAD has gained a foothold in the industry. The energy simulation software within ArchiCAD, EcoDesigner, enables the reporting on the energy performance based on BIM elements that contain thermal information. This research is founded on a comparative study between FirstRate5 and EcoDesigner. Three building types were analysed and compared. The comparison finds significant differences between simulations, being, measured areas, thermal loads and potentially serious shortcomings within FirstRate5, that are discussed along with the future potential of a fully BIM-integrated model for energy rating certification in Victoria.
keywords Building Information Modelling, energy rating, FirstRate 5, ArchiCAD EcoDesigner, Building Energy Model
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id acadia13_061
id acadia13_061
authors Bruscia, Nicholas; Romano, Christopher
year 2013
title Material Parameters and Digitally Informed Fabrication of Textured Metals
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 61-68
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.061
summary The research represented in this paper proposes to reinvestigate the relationship between structure and appearance through a performative analysis of textured stainless steel, as verified through full-scale prototyping. The work takes a scientific design approach while incorporating a computational workflow that is informed by the material’s physical parameters, and draws a connection between the scales of molecular composition to large-scale geometric systems.Furthermore, the work attempts to provide evidence for thin-gauge textured metals as a high performance and adaptive material, by identifying structural rigidity and particular specular quality as inherent characteristics born from the texturing process. In addition, through close collaboration with the sponsoring manufacturer of textured stainless steel, we are able to gain access to material expertise and large-scale fabrication equipment not readily available to designers, thereby forging a mutually beneficial relationship surrounding the research.
keywords Next Generation Technology, Architecture and Manufacturing, Material Research, Material Science, Digital Fabrication, Rigidized Metal, Parametric Modeling
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id cf2013_167
id cf2013_167
authors Carlow, Jason F. and Kristof Crolla
year 2013
title Shipping Complexity: Parametric Design for Remote Communities
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 167-175.
summary This paper presents a system for design and construction of a parametrically designed, structural shell for remote communities. It explains how, through the use of various digital software platforms, a single-layer, structural shell is designed and optimized and subsequently how a series of customized joints can be output for direct digital fabrication. As the customization is focused primary in the joints of the structure, standard dimension, locally sourced structural members can be used. By embedding assembly information onto the physical joints, the system has the capacity to simplify the construction of complex shell structures by workers with basic construction skills. Flat-packed joints can be shipped to remote sites without heavy structural members thereby reducing transportation costs and the overall embodied energy. By lowering cost and simplifying construction of large span structures, the project is intended to extend the benefits of digitally driven design to rural, remote or under-privileged communities.
keywords Parametric design, structural shell, remote communities, embedded intelligence, digital fabrication.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id cf2013_198
id cf2013_198
authors Chien, Sheng-Fen
year 2013
title An Emergent Smart House
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 198-209.
summary This paper describes a conceptual model of smart buildings as ecosystem of lean components. The smartness of a building should be an emergent property of many interacting lean components rather than a pre-programmed coordination of actions. A prototype smart house of software simulation and hardware experiment is presented.
keywords Smart building, complex system, emergence, lean thinking
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id ijac201310106
id ijac201310106
authors Garg, Yogesh K. and Vinay M. Das
year 2013
title Generating 3 Dimensional Pavilions Described in Mayamatam; A Traditional Indian Architecture Treatise
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 1, 105-134
summary The traditional or classical architecture of India is an interesting subject for exploration from different perspectives.Taking pavilions described in Mayamatam as a representative of the traditional or classical architecture of India and analyzing them from the viewpoint of pattern recognition and mathematics encouraging results are obtained.A pattern is seen in the development of the design of pavilions and has been coded alpha-numerically. Based on the system of development and employing computer applications software is created to design pavilions, which follow the principles of traditional architecture.This software has multiple benefits. It can be used as a teaching aid for the subject ‘history of Indian Architecture’. For architectural conservationists and heritage enthusiasts it offers itself as a tool to help in visualization and digital reconstruction. For architects it can be a means for making structures of recent times, which have the essence of traditional architecture.The aim of this paper is to highlight the methodology for preparing this software and demonstrating its output.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id cf2013_358
id cf2013_358
authors Gonzalez-Quintial, Francisco; Antonio Sanchez-Parandiet, and Javier Barrallo
year 2013
title Freeform Surfaces Adaptation through Developable Surfaces Using Apparent Contours
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 358-367.
summary Free-form surfaces construction has been limited to the possibilities of graphical and constructive control. In a few years we have seen an important development of control of the form through digital graphic technology, software and hardware that allowed truly spectacular constructions. A significant researching way not only in architecture, but also in engineering even in sculpture, has been the adaptation of free forms through developable surfaces using different systems, many based on differential geometry. Reinterpreting some topics of projective geometry that allows the use of certain CAD software, jumping from the physical to the digital drawing system, has been developed a method allows the adaptation of free forms through developable surfaces using apparent contours that we can draw over these free form surfaces. Trough using them we can trace two types of developable surfaces as cones and cylinders that are touching the surface tangentially to this contours.
keywords Freeform surfaces, Double curved surfaces, Developable surfaces, Algorithmic approach.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id caadria2013_056
id caadria2013_056
authors Lim, Jason; Fabio Gramazio and Matthias Kohler
year 2013
title A Software Environment for Designing Through Robotic Fabrication – Developing a Graphical Programming Toolkit for the Digital Design and Scaled Robotic Fabrication of High Rises
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 45-54
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.045
wos WOS:000351496100005
summary The term “robot” was born from a play written almost a century ago. Today robotic fabrication has become an emerging topic in architectural research. As architects work with these technologies, they are challenged with writing a different kind of play: here robots are the actors and the physical materialization of a design is their performance. However current Computer Aided Design (CAD) packages do not provide native robot programming functionalities which architects require to plan and orchestrate these fabrication process. To address this limitation, a Python library for robot programming is written. It is referenced by a toolkit of custom components developed to extend a graphical programming environment commonly used for architectural design. The empirical development of these software tools takes place in the context of a design studio investigating the subject of the high rise. The tools are tested in a workflow that involves the digital design and scaled robotic fabrication of high-rise housing. This paper discusses the considerations underlying the toolkit’s design, the outcomes of its use in the studio, and its impact on the creative design process. 
keywords Robotic fabrication, Architectural model, Software tools, High rise design, Creative computational design 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ijac201311302
id ijac201311302
authors Meagher, Mark; David van der Maas, Christian Abegg, Jeffrey Huang
year 2013
title Dynamic ornament: An investigation of responsive thermochromic surfaces in architecture
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 3, 301-318
summary This paper describes the use of environmental sensor data as a basis for the design of architectural ornament that takes on a distinctive appearance in response to the atmospheric conditions where it is located. Among the goals of the project were the identification of inexpensive fabrication methods that could be used to build responsive surfaces at the scale of a room, and the identification of material and tectonic strategies for integrating dynamic information displays in buildings. A series of prototypes were constructed to explore the benefits and limitations of thermochromic ink as a material for visualizing dynamic data, and a method is proposed for building thermochromic surfaces based on printed circuit boards (PCB's) that is cost-effective and allows the fabrication of large surfaces through tiling. The limitations of this method include high power consumption, a short lifespan and difficulties in controlling the surface temperature.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id acadia13_043
id acadia13_043
authors Michalatos, Panagiotis; Payne, Andrew O.
year 2013
title Working with Multi-scale Material Distributions
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 43-50
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.043
summary At present, computer aided design (CAD) software has proven ill equipped to manage the spatial variations in material properties. Most digital design packages employ a surface modeling paradigm where a solid object is that which is enclosed by a set of boundaries (known as boundary representations or “B-rep” for short). In surface models, material representations are often treated as homogenous and discrete. Yet, natural materials are capable of structures where the variability of material within a volume is defined at a multiplicity of scales and according to various functional criteria. With the advent of new 3D printing techniques, a new possibility emerges—allowing new multi-material composite objects to be fabricated in a single build volume with a high degree of dimensional accuracy and repeatability. However, a big limitation facing complex high resolution digital fabrication comes from the software’s inability to represent or handle material variability. This paper proposes a new digital interface for working with multi-material distributions at a variety of scales using a rasterization process. Beyond the immediate benefit of precise graduated control over the material distribution within a 3D printed volume, our interface opens new creative opportunities by enabling the use of existing image processing techniques (such as filtering, mapping, etc.) which can be applied to three-dimensional voxel fields. Examples are provided which explore the potential of multi-scale material distributions.
keywords next generation technology, multi-material 3D printing, digital interfaces, voxel fields, rasterization
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id caadria2013_060
id caadria2013_060
authors Pelosi, Antony W.
year 2013
title Model Command – Spatial Comprehension of 3D Digital Environments
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 417-426
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.417
wos WOS:000351496100041
summary The paper explores innovative methods of navigation for experiencing and spatial comprehension of complex 3D digital environments. Common navigation modes of digital environments are difficult to learn and use within complex multi level digital models and often result in the viewer becoming disoriented or stuck. By drawing on concepts from computer gaming and spatial way finding this research will explore intuitive navigation systems. These systems enable the user to engage and experience the digital space much more profoundly than current CAD and BIM model viewing software. The paper demonstrates these navigation spatial cognition systems through three case studies.  
keywords Navigation, BIM, Spatial comprehension, Orientation 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2013r_019
id ecaade2013r_019
authors Portugal, Vasco
year 2013
title Knowledge-based methodology for architectural robotics fabrication. Real time impact assessment through a process flow analysis software
source FUTURE TRADITIONS [1st eCAADe Regional International Workshop Proceedings / ISBN 978-989-8527-03-5], University of Porto, Faculty of Architecture (Portugal), 4-5 April 2013, pp. 229-236
summary The main goal of the project is to generate a framework for a knowledge-based-methodology (KBM) within a parametric software. This is accomplished through a combination of the design software and robot simulation with real-time assessment based on a process-flow-diagram (PFD) structure that compiles the main environmental parameters of the manufacture process. The intention is to create a methodology to directly report the impact of the manufacture of a specific design, from the materials embodied energy to the energy consumption of each step. This framework provides valuable information which may monitor the developer towards alterations to increase the CAD/CAM performance. In the context of this paper, this methodology was applied in the conceptual design and manufacture of a housing structural insulated panel prototype using parametric design software and robotic equipment. The purpose is to generate a quasi-automated design process linked with real-time analysis and assessment of the fabrication process, offering real time environmental and cost analysis of a panelized structure house manufacture logic. The suggested methodology outputs information to compare and optimize the manufacture outline, and supports the screening and assortment of appropriate tool paths or combination of fabrication tools based on environmental/cost data, user-specified requirements and context characteristics.
keywords CAD/CAM; Parametric design; Robotics in Architecture; Process flow diagrams
email
last changed 2013/10/07 19:08

_id ijac201311304
id ijac201311304
authors Riether, Gernot
year 2013
title The Nuit Blanche Pavilion; using the elasticity of polymers for a lightweight structure
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 3, 331-346
summary The Nuit Blanche Pavilion is a recent project by Gernot Riether in collaboration with artist Damien Valero. The project takes advantage of an elastic behavior found in high-density elastomers to form a lightweight structure that integrates form, geometry and program in a single material system. Grasshopper and the finite element plug-in Karamba were used to optimize these interdependencies. This paper will describe the design of the project and elaborate on an aspect of Riether's research that uses digital technology to promote environmentally responsible materials and construction methods.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id ecaade2013r_014
id ecaade2013r_014
authors Sempere, Andrew; Savic, Selena; Huang, Jeffrey; Badura, Jens; Barchiesi, Alex
year 2013
title Experience Catalysts and Architecture. Towards a new tradition
source FUTURE TRADITIONS [1st eCAADe Regional International Workshop Proceedings / ISBN 978-989-8527-03-5], University of Porto, Faculty of Architecture (Portugal), 4-5 April 2013, pp. 171-182
summary This paper describes two research projects in the field of interactive architecture, both examples of experience catalysts; Settings which allow new insights in the aesthetic constitution and perception of environments. This term can be thought of as somewhat synonymous with artistic intervention, but is used instead to recognize that the participants might not self-identify as artists. We are working with architectural notions of space and place, but are interested in the experience of place more than its formal structure. We wish to emphasize the dynamic and are interested in transitions not as the pauses between states but as destinations worth exploring. Quadricone by Selena Savic is an actual experience catalyst: a physical manifestation of a digital “material” (in this case network traffic.) The goal is less data visualization and more an attempt to understand what it means to physically experience something normally invisible. Inter-Actor by Andrew Sempere casts architecture as an ongoing event which might benefit from the flexibility of the digital. The idea is to create a combination of software and hardware that allows for “rapid prototyping” of interactive space. Inter-Actor is not an experience catalyst but a toolkit for creating them.
keywords Interaction; Design; Flux; Experience Catalyst
email
last changed 2013/10/07 19:08

_id acadia13_217
id acadia13_217
authors Steinfeld, Kyle; Levitt, Brendon
year 2013
title Dhour:A bioclimatic information design prototyping toolkit
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 217-226
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.217
summary The qualification of predicted building performance through quantitative methods is as challenging as it is crucial to the meeting of the mandate to design buildings better adapted to their bioclimatic conditions. Methods for the visualization of building performance data that have found success in the past struggle in the contemporary context of large computational data sets. While application of building performance simulation to architectural design is highly context-sensitive, existing approaches to the visualization of simulation results are generalized and provide the designer with a preconfigured battery of visualizations that are, by definition, not calibrated to specific questions or contexts. This paper presents a new prototyping visualization toolkit, developed for the Grasshopper (Rutten 2013) visual programming environment, which enables the situational development of information graphics. By enabling more nuanced and customizable views of complex data, the software described here offers designers an exploratory framework in contrast to the highly directed tools currently available. Two case studies of the application of this toolkit are then presented, the results of which suggest that a more open framework for the production of visualization graphics can more effectively assist in the design of buildings responsive to their bioclimatic environments.
keywords tools and interfaces, energy and performance, modeling and analysis, simulation tools, data visualization, information design
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ecaade2013r_012
id ecaade2013r_012
authors Velasco, Rodrigo; Brakke, Aaron P.; Tocancipá, Fabián
year 2013
title Notes on the development of a parametric design process for a brisesoleil system
source FUTURE TRADITIONS [1st eCAADe Regional International Workshop Proceedings / ISBN 978-989-8527-03-5], University of Porto, Faculty of Architecture (Portugal), 4-5 April 2013, pp. 143-154
summary The process of adopting digital simulation and design tools into an existing procedural framework is tedious in that it requires a significant investment by the users. Software manufactures aim to create interfaces that can easily be understood and put into practice. That being said, other factors, such as the lack of climatic data, deter the quick absorption into professional practice. In a country such as Colombia, which is in a zone near the equator and is characterized by drastic differences in topography, the preprogrammed climatic data is insufficient. Even when figures are provided or manually configured, parallel simulations between various software packages reveal significant discrepancies in terms of estimated performance. Wary of this, yet optimistic of the potential of parametric modeling, the authors have developed and implemented a methodological procedure which first articulates the design problem, then develops the parametric model and lastly applies this model. Upon reviewing more than a hundred variations, one configuration was selected as the highest performer. A prototype has been built and is currently being monitored by other researchers with the aim of rectifying the divergence in computed data by various software packages with real numbers. This paper will explain how the parametric design process was developed and the methodology employed in search of an efficient and effective brise soleil system.
keywords Parametric Design; Eco-Logical Design Process; Computer Aided Architectural Design; Brise Soleil
email
last changed 2013/10/07 19:08

_id cf2013_245
id cf2013_245
authors Wang, Shuo
year 2013
title Application of BIM and VR Technology in Complex Construction Project: A Case Study of Iceberg 3d BIM Structure Layout Design for an Ocean Park
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 245-255.
summary BIM and VR are playing more and more important roles in architecture and engineering design, implementation, management and many other domains. With iceberg 3d structure layout design of an ocean park as example, this paper explores the application of VR and BIM technologies in complex construction projects. In the paper, the laser scanning technology, point cloud processing, BIM model creation based on the Revit software and the specific applications of VR technology are described and discussed.
keywords BIM , VR, Structure Layout Design
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id 0e93
authors Af Klercker, Jonas
year 1989
title Interactive Animation on the Macintosh II
source CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 9.5.1-9.5.6
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.a0t
summary The efficiency of images in communication between humans has so far been used almost exclusively by TV and other mass medias. The costs have been too great to encourage the use of images in the financially restricted everyday practice of architecture. With a range of application programs for the Apple Macintosh II the vision has come close to reality. It is now possible to create guided walks with the chance to choose different routes and views in a model of buildings and surroundings in 256 colour graphics. The makers of these programs may not have foreseen this use for their products and that is why it takes quite a lot of effort to make all the necessary images. With some supplementary routines however, this will be made much easier. Animation can also be used to visualize different processes inside a building. We have been studying the working environment in mechanical industry. The goal of this project is to make communication possible between the workers at all levels of an organization in planning changes and has so far been very successful. The use of this technique is only limited by our imagination and funding. Some examples to be tested in the near future are "Escape at a fire", "Animation of a Dairy", "Traffic situations in a parking lot-, "CAD-working place" and others. One of the difficulties in interactive planning with users has been to come close enough to their reality. With animated images it is possible to visualize what is going to happen and what it is going to look like in a more understandable way. In education this must be a challenging possibility. Changes and processes are some of the most difficult subjects to describe and explain! The software used is a handful of individual programs which, thanks to the graphics standards of the Macintosh, can exchange data with each other.

series eCAADe
email
more http://www.caad.lth.se/
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id ijac20075307
id ijac20075307
authors Bessone, Miriam; Miro, Ricardo Perez
year 2007
title Music and Architecture: Bonds, Interrelations, Transductions
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 5 - no. 3, pp. 551-569
summary Digital technology and knowledge integration between musicians and architects enable us to explore and redefine links between music and architecture. This paper describes the experience and results of the creative processes undertaken by music and architecture students and academics to achieve a hyper-medial composition. The processes embrace the simultaneous construction from music to visual form and vice-versa. This exploration is originated from electro-acoustic music works, written ad-hoc, and based on specific assignments especially designed and framed within two types of situations and links with digital technologies: independent actions and interrelated actions. The intention of this work is to obtain constants and/or variables capable of allowing a certain type of graphic conventionalization that will make possible the mathematic representation previously necessary to create specific software tools.
series journal
last changed 2007/11/20 18:06

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