CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id 44e3
authors Schiavoni, Ugo
year 1986
title An Areal Data Management Package
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1986.295
source Teaching and Research Experience with CAAD [4th eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Rome (Italy) 11-13 September 1986, pp. 295-304
summary The Areal Data Management Package was created to fulfill the need for a data manipulation system on the basis of a grid cell data structure. The package was originally developed for use by research operators in land planning and natural resources. Over the past three years the package has been used extensively by various users, including students under and postgraduates. The ADM has been designed for users having no experience with computers, but it does assume understanding of resources and land planning information. The specific manipulative capabilities of ADM Package are designed to help land use planners analyze the natural and man-made characteristics of an area. The ADM is intended as a tool to manage spatially disposed thematic and categorical information, in many cases supplementing or analysis.
series eCAADe
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id ddss2008-38
id ddss2008-38
authors Schieck, Ava Fatah gen.; Alan Penn, Eamonn O’Neill
year 2008
title Mapping, sensing and visualising the digitalco-presence in the public arena
source H.J.P. Timmermans, B. de Vries (eds.) 2008, Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, ISBN 978-90-6814-173-3, University of Technology Eindhoven, published on CD
summary This paper reports on work carried out within the Cityware project using mobile technologies to map, visualise and project the digital co-presence in the city. This paper focuses on two pilot studies exploring the Bluetooth landscape in the city of Bath. Here we apply adapted and ‘digitally augmented’ methods for spatial observation and analysis based on established methods used extensively in the space syntax approach to urban design. We map the physical and digital flows at a macro level and observe static space use at the micro level. In addition we look at social and mobile behaviour from an individual’s point of view. We apply a method based on intervention through ‘Sensing and projecting’ Bluetooth names and digital identity in the public arena. We present early findings in terms of patterns of Bluetooth flow and presence, and outline initial observations about how people’s reaction towards the projection of their Bluetooth names practices in public. In particular we note the importance of constructing socially meaningful relations between people mediated by these technologies. We discuss initial results and outline issues raised in detail before finally describing ongoing work.
keywords Pervasive systems, digital presence, urban encounter, digital identity
series DDSS
last changed 2008/09/01 17:06

_id ijac20053101
id ijac20053101
authors Schieck, Ava Fatah; Penn, Alan; Mottram, Chiron; Strothmann, Andreas; Ohlenburg, Jan; Broll, Wolfgang; Aish, Francis; Attfield, Simon
year 2005
title Interactive Space Generation through Play Exploring the Role of Simulation on the Design Table
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 3 - no. 1, 3-26
summary In this paper we report on recent developments in the use of simulation as an aspect of design decision support for architecture and planning. This research is based on ARTHUR (Augmented Round Table for Architecture and Urban Planning). Although real time simulation has been incorporated in design support systems, little attention has been given to the simulation of pedestrian movement in collaborative AR based systems. Here we report on user evaluation tests of the ARTHUR system, which are focused on the effect of real time pedestrian simulation on the way pairs of designers work together.These tests suggest that the integration of simulated pedestrian movement on the design table plays a critical role in exploring possible design solutions and encourages different and new ways of thinking about design problems. Donald Schon's concept of the reflection-in-action provide a useful framework for interpreting these results.
series journal
more http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed 2007/03/04 07:08

_id e87d
authors Schierle, G. Goetz
year 1992
title Computer Aided Design for Wind and Seismic Forces
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1992.187
source Mission - Method - Madness [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-01-2] 1992, pp. 187-194
summary A computer program, Lateral Design Graphs (LDG), to consider lateral wind and seismic forces in the early design stages, is presented. LDG provides numeric data and graphs to visualize the effect of building height, shape, and framing system on lateral forces. Many critical decisions effecting lateral forces and elements to resist them are made at early design stages. Costly changes or reduced safety may result if they are not considered. For example, building height, shape and configuration impact lateral forces and building safety; so does the placement of shear walls in line with space needs. But the complex and time consuming nature of lateral force design by hand makes early consideration often not practical. Therefore the objectives of LDG are to: 1) visualize the cause and effect of lateral forces; 2) make the design process more transparent; 3) develop informed intuition; 4) facilitate trade-off studies at an early stage; 5) help to teach design for lateral forces.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id e757
authors Schijf, R.
year 1988
title Strategies For CAAD Education - The Singapore Way
source CAAD futures ‘87 [Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-444-42916-6] Eindhoven (The Netherlands), 20-22 May 1987, pp. 23-46
summary For over one year (1985/86) the author was as senior lecturer instrumental in developing and initiating a CAAD-curriculum at the Singapore School of Architecture. The paper describes the circumstances surrounding the acquisition of the Schools' large CAD-system, the CAAD-curriculum proposals, and the first pilot courses. On the basis of this preliminary experience some observations for CAAD-teaching are made, which are related to more universal strategies for CAAD-education.
series CAAD Futures
last changed 1999/04/03 17:58

_id 46b0
authors Schijf, Rik
year 1986
title CAD in the Netherlands: Integrated CAD
source Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [CAAD Futures Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-408-05300-3] Delft (The Netherlands), 18-19 September 1985, pp. 176-184
summary One of the things in which a small country can excel is its number of architects' offices per inhabitant. In the Netherlands this is approximately one in 6500, or twice the UK density (CBS, 1984; CICA, 1982). Of the 2150 Dutch offices, 88 per cent employ less than 10 people, which compares rather well with the British Situation. For the Netherlands it is interesting that its boom in CAD, on average an annual doubling or tripling for the next few years, is likely to coincide with a revolution in CAD itself. There is no doubt that very soon the personal and larger CAD systems will clash at supermicro-level.
series CAAD Futures
last changed 1999/04/03 17:58

_id ascaad2010_171
id ascaad2010_171
authors Schimek, H.; A. Meisel and T. Bogenperger
year 2010
title On Connecting Panels of Freeform Building Envelopes
source CAAD - Cities - Sustainability [5th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2010 / ISBN 978-1-907349-02-7], Fez (Morocco), 19-21 October 2010, pp. 171-178
summary As smooth geometric shapes are very tricky to manufacture with an overall great expense this paper presents a parametrical approach how to control the joint geometry within a framework of flat panels which approximate a freeform surface using discretization. Since timber has an excellent reputation as a sustainable and regenerative material plus the fact that timber can be perfectly processed with a large variety of tools including CNC milling machines we are using cross laminated timber boards (CLT) with large and heavy members. Hence that means dealing with high forces which require geometrically exact and often complex joints, which we want to push to a high degree of automation in the design process. We establish rules and constraints between all neighboring CLT-panels. That way we control a new connector system specially designed for non-standard CLT-joints. This paper documents the status of one aspect of an ongoing research project and will also give a preview to upcoming tasks including the production of a prototype structure.
series ASCAAD
type normal paper
email
last changed 2011/03/01 07:46

_id caadria2013_223
id caadria2013_223
authors Schimek, Heimo; Albert Wiltsche, Markus Manahl and Christoph Pfaller
year 2013
title Full Scale Prototyping – Logistic and Construction Challenges Realising Digitally Designed Timber Prototypes
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.653
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 653-662
summary This paper reports on the final stage of a research project with the realization of a real scale prototype and ties an empirical finale to the project, which started as a fundamental research project three years ago. The scope of this research project was to explore new ways, how Non-Standard Architecture can be build with standard building elements using contemporary building processes and materials resource efficiently. Mass Customization and File to Factory, concepts where a continuous digital workflow is applied, were fundamental to our approach. Within this framework we developed generic parametric details and made them part of the whole process from the beginning of the design to the manufacturing. The present paper describes a strategy for the assembly of a large prototype, consisting of approximately 50 flat timber panels that are being assembled to a structure of the size of a small house. The paper focuses especially on the customized falsework, we designed for the construction of the prototype, which became a crucial part of the assembling process besides the assembly of the actual prototype.  
wos WOS:000351496100064
keywords Digital fabrication and construction, Precedence and prototypes, Mass customization 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id caadria2012_008
id caadria2012_008
authors Schimek, Heimo; Emmanuel Ruffo Calderon Dominguez, Albert Wiltsche and Markus Manahl
year 2012
title Sewing timber panels: An innovative digitally supported joint system for self-supported timber plate structures
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.213
source Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 213–222
summary This paper focuses on the joint system of flat panels as parts of a freeform building. This topic is a key area of the ongoing founded research project, in which we investigate nonstandard shapes, realized with standard building materials, namely cross-laminated timber (CLT). We use different discretization algorithms to overlay arbitrary freeform surfaces with ornaments consisting of polygonal flat panels. We investigate a series of ornaments and their discretization results on different surfaces. In this paper, we will present and discuss a new timber-to-timber joint system that we developed exclusively for this project. We discuss the results of the load tests that we performed recently and we take a look at the construction dependent requirements of the joint system concerning the tolerances and the geometry and also, how these constraints inform the digital process. As we will discuss throughout the paper, in earlier publications we described the form finding process and the geometrical guidelines for the discretization of a desired freeform building using ornamental flat patterns. This paper moves one step further as the digital becomes physical and it is closely related to building construction and the computational design outset.
keywords Digital fabrication technology; computational algorithmic design; building construction; freeform optimisation; CLT joint system
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id caadria2009_172
id caadria2009_172
authors Schimek, Heimo; Milena Stavric, Albert Wiltsche and Otto Roeschel
year 2009
title Parametrics of Movable Polyhedral Models in Performative Architecture
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.185
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 185-194
summary We present a parametrical approach to movable polyhedral models. Based on polyhedral geometry the whole structure consisting of an interconnected series of prisms (with dual spherical joints) can move 3-dimensionally. The principles of polyhedral geometry allow constraint movements of the prisms with a certain degree of freedom. We use these geometrical principles to open and close façades for ventilation or structures for shading control superimposed on building envelopes. The different groups of regular polyhedra in the Euclidean 3-space and their specific topological types will be discussed in order to choose the appropriate model and showe geometrical theory of movable polyhedral models can be successfully applied to performative architecture.
keywords Moveable polyhedral models: kinematic architecture; parametric design; geometry of joints; performative architecture
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id caadria2008_51_session5a_417
id caadria2008_51_session5a_417
authors Schimek, Heimo; Milena Stavric, Albert Wiltsche
year 2008
title The Intelligence of ornaments: Exploring ornamental ways of Affordable Non-Standard Building Envelopes
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2008.417
source CAADRIA 2008 [Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Chiang Mai (Thailand) 9-12 April 2008, pp. 417-425
summary The purpose of this research is to explore ornamental patterns which can be used to enhance materials characteristics in low-cost building envelopes. We use standard building materials (sheets of cross-laminated timber) and develop a parametric design framework for the assembly. Existing rules of ornamental geometry are applied to a parametric controlled structural model so as to endow the building parts both with stability and aesthetics. The concepts of mass customization and “File to factory” support the digital fabrication of a non-repetitive pattern in façade construction and lead to reduced construction costs and building time.
keywords Ornament, symmetry, parametric design, building shell, affordable non-standard architecture, mass customization
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ecaade2008_018
id ecaade2008_018
authors Schindler, Christoph
year 2008
title ZipShape
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.775
source Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 775-782
summary ZipShape is a universal method to fabricate single curved panels from any plain material without molds. The system uses two individually slotted panels that interlock when bent to the predefined curvature. As non-radial curves require individual teeth geometry, the method makes use of automated detailing with corresponding algorithms. ZipShape is a fusion of information processing and material processing based on comparatively simple software technology and standard workshop machinery. With help of case studies, this paper evaluates the method’s claim to be a variable and feasible solution for the realization of non-planar shape.
keywords ZipShape, Digital fabrication, Cold wood bending
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ecaade2007_068
id ecaade2007_068
authors Schindler, Christoph; Châtelet, Maud; Wiskemann, Barbara; Zieta, Oskar
year 2007
title Umbrella Schoolyard Roofs in Zurich
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.035
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 35-42
summary The paper discusses a 1:1 student workshop on digital sheet metal fabrication organized in collaboration between ETH Zurich and the City of Zurich in 2005 and 2006. During the workshop a structure of fifteen sheet metal schoolyard roofs was designed, produced, and constructed by the participating students. The workshop was set up to explore how current academic topics such as CAD/CAM, digital fabrication with minimal tolerance, and design optimization with genetic algorithms could be incorporated in a permanent structure with legal building standards and a professional construction sequence.
keywords Teaching seminar workshop 1:1, digital sheet metal fabrication, pavilion roof structure, genetic algorithms
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id 2004_624
id 2004_624
authors Schink, Claus-Jürgen
year 2004
title The GISMO Project - Complete Integration of Renovation and Refurbishment of Occupied Buildings
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2004.624
source Architecture in the Network Society [22nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-2-4] Copenhagen (Denmark) 15-18 September 2004, pp. 624-629
summary This paper discusses the current proceedings in a joint research project, focused on a complete integration of all tasks involved in a refurbishment under use. All relevant matters have to be modeled in a common internet system, developed by a company for internet based project management. A special focus is lead on - the integration of the needs of lodgers. - the quantification of ecological impacts. - the optimization of the refurbishment process with an integrated scheduling method. - the development of database elements, consisting of information for invitation of tenders, ecological benchmarking, time, cost, exposures for the renovation tasks. It is a work in progress article.
keywords Refurbishment, Internet Based Project-Management, Operations Research, Process Modeling in the Building Industry
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id 2004_451
id 2004_451
authors Schink, Claus-Jürgen
year 2004
title The Notebook University Karlsruhe (TH) - How to Promote and Support the Education of Architects and Engineers via Mobile Networks?
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2004.451
source Architecture in the Network Society [22nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-2-4] Copenhagen (Denmark) 15-18 September 2004, pp. 451-458
summary The article describes the didactical integration of wireless access networks for the campus of the University of Karlsruhe in the education of architects and engineers. It focuses on the development of an interdisciplinary communication network to encourage, support and promote the communication and collaboration between students. The discussed modules were developed during the Notebook University Karlsruhe (TH). An applied project, aimed on several targets. The invention of a notebook university for all students. The distribution of software via a „software fuel station“, the integration of UMTS in campus networks, the support of online lessons, and the encouragement of students to work over the internet. The author joined the consortium with the subproject called: „Interdisciplinary Cooperation Modules in Mobile Networks“ (INKOP). This project lead to a couple of tools, listed in this contribution. Based on the design and project oriented cooperation platform netzentwurf.de the authors developed the tools „Jobadmin“ to administrate multidisciplinary workgroups, „Swarm Knowledge Catalogue“ to collect and store knowledge and „LivingCampus“, an instrument providing basic services for dynamic communication. The author assumes that the fundamental learning impulses take place among the students themselves and that the training of architects and engineers should enable them to organise themselves and their workgroups. Therefore, the collective acquisition of knowledge and cooperation has to be trained during the studies closely.
keywords Cooperation Platform, Teaching Cooperation, Wireless LAN Videoconferencing, Education of Engineers, Web Based Design
series eCAADe
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id ddss9480
id ddss9480
authors Schipper, Roel and Augenbroe, Godfried
year 1994
title An Information Model of Energy Performance in Early Building Design
source Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary Design is a creative and dynamic process. The level to which a future generation of Intelligent Integrated Building Design Systems will be able to support this process depends on the power of the underlying conceptual models to cover the semantics of design. In the definition of generic building models, the concept of constraints appears to be a powerful means to formalize those semantics. Both design performance goals, and rules and relations in design composition can be described as constraints. The Engineering Data Model (EDM), recently developed at UCLA, acknowledges this fact. It allows the formal definition of object oriented building models, using constraints as the central concept for describing relations. This paper will discuss the development of an EDM building model for the integrated design for energy performance, and the implementa-tion of this model in a small prototype system. We will specifically deal with modelling informati-on in the early design stages. This information typically consists of multiple global design alternatives on one hand, and a wide range of conflicting design goals on the other hand. In the paper, it is demonstrated that integration of these conflicting views on building performance in one coherent model is the key to obtaining an optimal design result. Using the Dutch building codes for energy performance (NEN 2916) as an example of design goals, the concepts and relations of these building codes were translated to a formal EDM model. A small shell was built on top of this computer-interpretable model, to demonstrate the useability of the model during the solving of a concrete design problem. It is shown that the EDM building model is able to provide the designer with integrated information through combining different sets of performance constraints and design alternatives in one environment.
series DDSS
email
last changed 2003/08/07 16:36

_id caadria2003_a2-1
id caadria2003_a2-1
authors Schira, Gretchen
year 2003
title Frequency Magnitude and Images of Texture Studies on Relationships to Human Preference
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.169
source CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 169-182
summary A relationship between spatial frequency magnitude and aesthetic preference for texture is established in this work. This paper examines the mean output of three frequency settings in terms of preference ratings for a bank of Gabor filters. Three studies were conducted and the correlations between aesthetic ratings and the mean output for the filter set to extract frequency content at the scale of 0.35 cycles/ pixel were robust. The correlations for the mean frequency magnitude of this filter remained significant when image identifiability was incorporated; suggesting that memory and association are not exclusively driving (aesthetic) preference. These results are consistent with findings reported by Albrecht and Geisler (1997), demonstrating that human beings are tuned to specific frequencies and orientations. Overall, the results reported in this paper begin to substantiate a claim that specific frequencies contained in images do play a significant role in human preference.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id ecaade2011_034
id ecaade2011_034
authors Schirmer, Patrick; Kawagishi, Noboru
year 2011
title Using shape grammars as a rule based approach in urban planning - a report on practice
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2011.116
source RESPECTING FRAGILE PLACES [29th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-9-4912070-1-3], University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture (Slovenia) 21-24 September 2011, pp.116-124
summary With the development of user friendly software, using procedural shape grammars has become productive for urban planning projects. Little about the experience of their use by architects and urban planning agencies has been reported yet. This paper will thus discuss the experience gained with the use of shape grammars in the projects of KCAP. We will show how the different scales of urban planning and urban design can be handled and how design concepts can be integrated into the procedural “pipeline” using the software “CityEngine”. We will also present an approach of “typological testing” that allows to test various design concepts for their possible developments. This work is the base for current research at ETH, integrating geometric aspects into behavioural simulation processes of urban simulation.
wos WOS:000335665500013
keywords Shape grammars; Urban planning; Urban Simulation; Urban Typologies
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/05/01 23:21

_id acadia16_260
id acadia16_260
authors Schleicher, Simon; La Magna, Riccardo
year 2016
title Bending-Active Plates: Form-Finding and Form-Conversion
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2016.260
source ACADIA // 2016: POSTHUMAN FRONTIERS: Data, Designers, and Cognitive Machines [Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-692-77095-5] Ann Arbor 27-29 October, 2016, pp. 260-269
summary With this paper, the authors aim to contribute to the discourse on bending-active structures by highlighting two different design methods, form-finding and form-conversion. The authors compare the two methods through close analysis of bending-active plate structures, discussing their advantages and disadvantages based on three built case studies. This paper introduces the core ideas behind bending-active structures, a rather new structural system that makes targeted use of large elastic deformations to generate and stabilize complex geometrical forms based on initially planar elements. Previous research has focused mainly on form-finding. As a bottom-up approach, it begins with flat plates and recreates the bending and coupling process digitally to gradually determine the final shape. Form-conversion, conversely, begins with a predefined shape that is then discretized by strategic surface tiling and informed mesh subdivision, and which in turn considers the geometrical and structural constraints given by the plates. The three built case studies exemplify how these methods integrate into the design process. The first case study applies physical and digital form-finding techniques to build a chaise lounge. The latter two convert a desired shape into wide-spanning constructions that either weave multiple strips together or connect distant layers with each other, providing additional rigidity. The presented case studies successfully prove the effectiveness of form-finding and form-conversion methods and render a newly emerging design space for the planning, fabrication, and construction of bending-active structures.
keywords bending-active structures, form-conversion, form-finding, embedded responsiveness
series ACADIA
type paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id acadia17_544
id acadia17_544
authors Schleicher, Simon; La Magna, Riccardo; Zabel, Joshua
year 2017
title Bending-active Sandwich Shells: Studio One Research Pavilion 2017
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2017.544
source ACADIA 2017: DISCIPLINES & DISRUPTION [Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-692-96506-1] Cambridge, MA 2-4 November, 2017), pp. 544- 551
summary The goal of this paper is to advance the research on bending-active structures by investigating the system’s inherent structural characteristics and introducing an alternative approach to their design and fabrication. With this project, the authors propose the use of sandwich-structured composites to improve the load-bearing behavior of bending-active shells. By combining digital form-finding and form-conversion processes, it becomes possible to discretize a double-curved shell geometry into an assembly of single-curved sandwich strips. Due to the clever use of bending in the construction process, these strips can be made out of inexpensive and flat sheet materials. The assembly itself takes advantage of two fundamentally different structural states. When handled individually, the thin panels are characterized by their high flexibility, yet when cross-connected to a sandwich, they gain bending stiffness and increase the structure’s rigidity. To explain the possible impacts of this approach, the paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of bending-active structures in general and outline the potential of sandwich shells in particular. Furthermore, the authors will address the fundamental question of how to build a load-bearing system from flexible parts by using the practical example of the Studio One Research Pavilion. To illustrate this project in more detail, the authors will present the digital design process involved as well as demonstrate the technical feasibility of this approach through a built prototype in full scale. Finally, the authors will conclude with a critical discussion of the design approach proposed here and point out interesting topics for future research.
keywords material and construction
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

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