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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	b255
authors	Liew, Haldane
year	2002
title	Descriptive Conventions for Shape Grammars
source	Thresholds - Design, Research, Education and Practice, in the Space Between the Physical and the Virtual [Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-11-X] Pomona (California) 24-27 October 2002, pp. 365-378
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2002.365
summary	This paper introduces a new set of descriptive conventions for shape grammars, and illustrates howthey can be used to address problems with user experience. The shape grammar formalism has beenshown to be capable of generating designs such as Palladian villas, Prairie houses and Queen Annehouses. The formalism can describe the process to develop a design through the use of rules, symbols,and lines.The user’s experience in applying the rules is often neglected in the design of the grammars. Thiscreates four problems: 1) the user is unaware of the implicit sequencing of rules, 2) the user cangenerate invalid design states, 3) the user is forced to apply technical rules that do not change theoverall design, and 4) the user is only given a restricted set of design choices.To address these problems, a new set of descriptive conventions has been developed that provides alayer of abstraction built on top of the formalism. These conventions are currently being implementedusing the Visual LISP programming environment in AutoCAD. The program applies rules, whichincorporate the use of the new conventions, to produce a design.The conventions are based on two techniques. The first technique is an explicit control mechanism thatdetermines the sequencing of rules based on the success or failure of a rule application. Becausesome design changes require more than one rule, this allows the grammar to chain a sequence of rulesto create macros since. The second technique is a mechanism that demarcates an area of the drawingfor query. With this technique, a rule is able to recognize void spaces in a drawing.A comparison of the rules to construct a bi-laterally symmetrical grid in three grammars--Palladian,Yingzao Fashi, and Grid--will be used to demonstrate the advantages of the new conventions.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	ecaade03_639_62_liew
id	ecaade03_639_62_liew
authors	Liew, Haldane
year	2003
title	SGML - A Shape Grammar Meta-Language
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 639-648
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.639
summary	The shape grammar meta-language creates layers of abstraction in the shape grammar formalism for the purpose of developing descriptions that can organize and sequence rule applications in a grammar, filter information in a drawing, and provide additional matching constraints based on the subshapes found. These concepts are incorporated into the formalism by expanding the rule application process into six phases; control, context, transformations, parameters, descriptors, and application. Seven meta-language descriptive conventions are developed from the six phases; rule-sets, directive, label-filters, focus, maxline, zones, and apply-mode. Examples of how the meta-language descriptions can be used to generate designs are provided.
keywords	Shape grammars, meta-language, and computational design
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://architecture.mit.edu/~haldane
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	liewh_pdh_2004
id	liewh_pdh_2004
authors	Liew, Haldane
year	2004
title	SGML: a meta-language for shape grammars
source	PhD dissertation, Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass
summary	A shape grammar develops a drawing through a series of transformations by repeatedly applying if-then rules. Although the rules can be designed, in principle, to construct any type of drawing, the drawings they construct may not necessarily develop in the manner intended by the designer of the grammar. In this thesis, I introduce a shape grammar meta-language that adds power to grammars based on the shape grammar language. Using the shape grammar meta-language, the author of a grammar can: (1) explicitly determine the sequence in which a set of rules is applied; (2) restrict rule application through a filtering process; and (3) use context to guide the rule matching process, all of which provide a guided design experience for the user of the grammar. Three example grammars demonstrate the effectiveness of the meta-language. The first example is the Bilateral Grid grammar which demonstrates how the meta-language facilitates the development of grammars that offer users multiple design choices. The second grammar is the Hexagon Path grammar which demonstrates how the metalanguage is useful in contexts other than architectural design. The third and most ambitious example is the Durand grammar which embodies the floor plan design process described in Précis of the Lectures of Architecture, written by JNL Durand, an eighteenth century architectural educator. Durand's floor plan design process develops a plan through a series of transformations from grid to axis to parti to wall. The corresponding Durand grammar, which consists of 74 rules and 15 macros organized into eight stages, captures Durand's ideas and fills in gaps in Durand's description of his process. A key contribution of this thesis is the seven descriptors that constitute the meta-language. The descriptors are used in grammar rules: (1) to organize a set of rules for the user to choose from; (2) to group together a series of rules; (3) to filter information in a drawing; (4) to constrain where a rule can apply; and (5) to control how a rule is applied. The end result is a language that allows the author to create grammars that guide users by carefully controlling the design process in the manner intended by the author.
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 12:58

_id	6cc2
authors	Liew, P.S. and Gero, J.S.
year	2002
title	A Memory System for a Situated Design Agent Based on Constructive Memory
source	CAADRIA 2002 [Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 983-2473-42-X] Cyberjaya (Malaysia) 18–20 April 2002, pp. 199-206
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2002.199
summary	Situated design agents require new types of memory. The design of a memory system for use in such a design agent, based on the notion of constructive memory is proposed. The specification of the memory system is derived from the architecture of a situated design agent. Cognitive studies of the human memory system provide the functional and behavioural characterization of the memory system.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	cf2003_m_014
id	cf2003_m_014
authors	LIEW, Pak-San and GERO, John S .
year	2003
title	Operational Characteristics of a Constructive Memory System for Design Agents
source	Digital Design - Research and Practice [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-1210-1] Tainan (Taiwan) 13–15 October 2003, pp. 137-146
summary	This paper describes the operational characteristics of a constructive memory for a design agent that distinguishes it from a standard retrieval system. An architecture example pertaining to this behaviour of the system is also illustrated through a simulation of the memory system.
keywords	constructive memory, agents, situated
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/09/22 12:21

_id	be8b
authors	Liew, Pak-San and Gero, John S.
year	2002
title	An Implementation Model of Constructive Memory for a Design Agent
source	Gero JS and Brazier FMT (eds) (2002) Agents in Design 2002. Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, pp. 257-276
summary	This paper describes a computational model that implements the operations of a constructive memory system for design. The current model is based on a modified Interactive Activation and Competition (IAC) network with learning capabilities incorporated. Implementations and experiments pertaining to the various features of the constructive memory system are also described.
series	other
email
last changed	2003/05/10 10:16

_id	55e0
authors	Liggett, R, Friedman, S, and Jepson, W.
year	1995
title	Interactive Design/Decision Making in a Virtual Urban World: Visual Simulation and GIS
source	Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference. Palm Springs, CA, (May)
summary	Researchers at UCLA have developed an Urban Simulator which links virtual reality technology with traditional two-dimensional Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and databases. This paper discusses the data structure and interface requirements necessary to integrate a real-time three-dimensional visual simulation system with a GIS system. Potential uses of the integrated system are illustrated with a set of current projects in the Los Angeles area.
series	other
email
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	dc71
authors	Liggett, R., Friedmann, S. and Jepson, W.
year	1995
title	Interactive Design/Decision Making in a Virtual Urban World: Visual Simulation and GIS
source	Proceedings of the Fifteenth 1995 ESRI User Conference, Palm Springs, CA, May, 1995
summary	Researchers at UCLA have developed an Urban Simulator which links virtual reality technology with traditional two-dimensional Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and databases. This paper discusses the data structure and interface requirements necessary to integrate a real-time three-dimensional visual simulation system with a GIS system. Potential uses of the integrated system are illustrated with a set of current projects in the Los Angeles area.
keywords	3D City Modeling, Development Control, Design Control
series	other
more	http://www.aud.ucla.edu/%7Erobin/esripaper/p308.html
last changed	2003/02/24 10:56

_id	a2e6
authors	Liggett, R.S., Mitchell, W.J. and Tan, M.
year	1992
title	Multi-Level Analysis and Optimization of Design
source	New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992. pp. 2512-269 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	This paper discusses a knowledge-based computer-aided design system, that provides multi-level analysis capabilities, and that automatically propagates constraints on design variables from level to level. It also Supports formulation and solution of optimization problems at different levels, so that a solution can be approached by solving a sequence of appropriately constrained sub-optimization problems. Theory and implementation are discussed, and a detailed case study of application to the design of small house plans is provided
keywords	constraints, design, methods, knowledge base, CAD, systems, analysis, optimization, automation, user interface, shape grammars
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 14:41

_id	ddss9462
id	ddss9462
authors	Liggett, Robert S. and Jepson, William H.
year	1994
title	Implementing an Integrated Environment for Urban Simulation CAD, Visualization and GIS
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Using technology which has been adapted from military flight simulation hardware and software, researchers at UCLA's Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning are currently developing an integrated computing environment for Urban Simulation which includes a high-level visual simulation package, an industry standard CAD system, and a traditional two dimensional geographic information system and data bases. The focal point of the integrated system is a visual simulation engine which has been developed using Silicon Graphics' IRIS Performer application development environment. With this system, aerial photographs can be combined with street level video to efficiently create a realistic (down to plants, street signs and the graffiti on the walls) model of an urban neighbourhood which can then be used for interactive fly and walk-through demonstrations. Links have been established between this visual simulation system and AutoCAD to allow models (at varying levels of detail) to be generated using the CAD system and translated into the form required for the visualization system. Links between the GIS system (in this case ARC/INFO and ARCVIEW) and the visual simulation system provide the capability for dynamic query and display of information from the GIS data base in a real-time 3-dimensional format. Links between the CAD and GIS systems allow common base maps to be used for the GIS and modelling systems as well as automatic generation of 3-d form. While an earlier paper by the authors discussed proposed strategies for such an Urban Simulation System, this paper focuses on the results of actual implementation of these strategies, as well as the use of the system for modelling, exploration and display of alternative physical environments.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	a88f
authors	Liggett, Robin , Jepson, William and Teodosiadis, Stephen
year	1991
title	A Stratified Approach to the Integration of Low Cost Modelling with Advanced Technology Rendering
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures: Education, Research, Applications [CAAD Futures ‘91 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 3-528-08821-4] Zürich (Switzerland), July 1991, pp. 105-120
summary	This paper presents a stratified approach to the integration of low cost modeling software (such as AutoCAD) with advanced workstation based rendering systems (such as Wavefront and the Silicon Graphics radiosity renderer). Powerful extensions to the basic modeling system are introduced which greatly reduce the required design effort, while significantly increasing the efficiency of the rendering software.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/07 12:03

_id	eb7b
authors	Liggett, Robin S.
year	1980
title	The Quadratic Assignment problem: an Analysis of Applications and Solution Strategies
source	Environment and Planning B. 1980. vol. 7: pp. 141-162 : tables. includes bibliography
summary	A wide variety of practical problem in design, planning and management can be formulated as quadratic assignment problems, and this paper discusses this class of problem. Since algorithms for producing optimal solutions to such problems are computationally infeasible for all but small problems of this type, heuristic techniques must usually be employed for the solution of real practical problems. This paper explores and compares a variety of solution techniques found in the literature considering the trade-offs between computational efficiency and quality of solutions generated. Recommendations are made about the key factors to be considered in developing and applying heuristic solution procedures
keywords	design process, algorithms, graphs, quadratic assignment, operations research, optimization, automation, synthesis, heuristics, space allocation, floor plans, management, planning
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	8488
authors	Liggett, Robin S.
year	1992
title	A Designer-Automated Algorithm Partnership : An Interactive Graphic Approach to Facility Layout
source	New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992. pp. 101-123 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Automated solution technique for spatial allocation problems have long been an interest of researchers in computer-aided design. This paper describes research focusing on the use of an interactive graphic interface for the solution of facility layout problems which have quantifyable but sometimes competing criteria. The ideas presented in the paper have been implemented in a personal computer system
keywords	algorithms, user interface, layout, synthesis, floor plans, architecture, facilities planning, automation, space allocation, optimization
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	b76e
authors	Liggett, Robin S.
year	2000
title	Automated facilities layout: past, present and future
source	Automation in Construction 9 (2) (2000) pp. 197-215
summary	This paper reviews the history of automated facility layout, focusing particularly on a set of techniques which optimize a single objective function. Applications of algorithms to a variety of space allocation problems are presented and evaluated. Guidelines for future implementations of commercial systems are suggested.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ecaade2015_253
id	ecaade2015_253
authors	Ligler, Heather and Economou, Athanassios
year	2015
title	Entelechy I - Towards a Formal Specification of John Portman's Domestic Architecture
source	Martens, B, Wurzer, G, Grasl T, Lorenz, WE and Schaffranek, R (eds.), Real Time - Proceedings of the 33rd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, 16-18 September 2015, pp. 445-452
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2015.1.445
wos	WOS:000372317300048
summary	John Portman's work attracts much interest, although little scholarship exists that directly engages his contribution in formal composition. Most of the discussion of Portman's architecture tends to focus on his commercial work and hotels, although a key to understanding his work is found in his personal domestic projects where he has had the freedom to explore his architectural ideas. This study focuses on his first residence, Entelechy I, to begin outlining his design principles formally. The ambition is to open up the whole question of his architectural contribution in the United States and at large.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	sigradi2015_11.165
id	sigradi2015_11.165
authors	Ligler, Heather; Economou, Thanos
year	2015
title	Lost in Translation: Towards an Automated Description of John Portman’s Domestic Architecture
source	SIGRADI 2015 [Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - vol. 2 - ISBN: 978-85-8039-133-6] Florianópolis, SC, Brasil 23-27 November 2015, pp. 657-661.
summary	The prevalent mode of shape grammar output is a two-dimensional drawing grammar. For architectural applications, these two- dimensional shape rules can hold a variety of interpretations in three-dimensional space. This work translates an existing grammar from a manual two-dimensional drawing grammar to an automated three-dimensional building grammar to explore the challenges and opportunities that this translation suggests in the larger context of shape computation. The case study considered here is a grammar interpreting John Portman’s architectural language as defined by the house Portman identifies as emblematic of his design principles, his 1964 personal residence Entelechy I.
keywords	Shape Grammars, Shape Grammar Implementations, Formal Composition, Generative Systems
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:54

_id	acadia12_97
id	acadia12_97
authors	Lilley, Brian ; Hudson, Roland ; Plucknett, Kevin ; Macdonald, Rory ; Cheng, Nancy Yen-Wen ; Nielsen, Stig Anton ; Nouska, Olympia ; Grinbergs, Monika ; Andematten, Stephen ; Baumgardner, Kyle ; Blackman, Clayton ; Kennedy, Matthew ; Chatinthu, Monthira ; Tianchen, Dai ; Sheng-Fu, Chen
year	2012
title	Ceramic Perspiration: Multi-Scalar Development of Ceramic Material
source	ACADIA 12: Synthetic Digital Ecologies [Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-62407-267-3] San Francisco 18-21 October, 2012), pp. 97-108
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2012.097
summary	Ceramic building material is a useful passive modulator of the environment. The subject area is based on traditional cultural and material knowledge of clay properties: from amphora to rammed earth building; and ranges to present uses: from desiccants and space shuttle tile patterns to bio-ceramics. The primary consideration is to control material density and porosity in a tile component, in response to specific environmental conditions. This depends on a number of key physical principles: the ability of the material to absorb thermal energy, the ability to absorb and then ‘wick’ moisture within the pore structure, and the decrement factor or ‘time lag’ of the effect. The interplay between these properties point to the importance of directionality in the porous microstructure, at the boundary layer. Material characteristics have been investigated in the laboratory at a micron scale and in the ceramics workshop at full scale, with some interplay between the two. Recent work done on monitoring has led to the development of software tools that allow feedback (approaching real time)- a visual representation of the dynamic thermal and hygrometric properties involved.
keywords	Synthetic tectonics , composite materials , smart assemblies , emerging material processes , Responsive environments , sensing , real-time computation , feedback loops , Information Visualization
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	acadia07_000
id	acadia07_000
authors	Lilley, Brian, Beesley, Philip (eds.)
year	2007
title	Expanding Bodies: Art • Cities• Environment
source	Proceedings of the 27rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 978-0-9780978-6-8] Halifax (Nova Scotia) 1-17 October, 2007.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2007
series	ACADIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	ecaade2021_059
id	ecaade2021_059
authors	Lim, Ariel Cheng Sin and Thomsen, Mette Ramsgaard
year	2021
title	Multi-Material Fabrication for Biodegradable Structures - Enabling the printing of porous mycelium composite structures
source	Stojakovic, V and Tepavcevic, B (eds.), Towards a new, configurable architecture - Proceedings of the 39th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia, 8-10 September 2021, pp. 85-94
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2021.1.085
summary	Our awareness of the earth's depleting resources has directed focus towards biomaterials, which can be extracted sustainably and biodegraded after use. Current fabrication of biomaterial structures is still restricted in strength and geometry, limiting its use in construction. This paper presents a novel two-phase multi-material fabrication process to create mycelium composite structures of higher porosity and complexity with speculated improvements in strength. First, cellulose pulp inoculated with mycelium is extruded. Then, each layer is filled by a secondary supporting material. This material, in the form of a gravel- and sand-slurry, acts as an inhospitable medium steering mycelial growth, additionally improving aeration to produce stronger structures. After an intermediate growth period, the secondary material, reusable in a closed-loop production model, is removed to reveal the fully-grown mycelium structure. The paper reports on each of the three aspects: the fabrication process, material experimentation of primary and secondary substrates, as well as geometry of varying porosity and performance.
keywords	biomaterials; mycelium; biodegradable structures; robotic fabrication; additive manufacturing
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	ecaade03_615_54_kheng
id	ecaade03_615_54_kheng
authors	Lim, Chor-Kheng
year	2003
title	Is a pen-based system just another pen or more than a pen?
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 615-622
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.615
summary	Freehand sketch is the most critical stage in the design process. The importance of the freehand sketch is in its ability to freely represent various projections of ambiguous drawing using a convenience tool, pen-and-paper. Recently, pen-based system which developed attempted to use pen as an input device, allowing sketches to be freely drawn on computers. However, as far as the various drawing projections, such as diagram, symbol, plan, elevation, section, perspective, etc., how are they interrelated to a designer’s cognitive behavior? Different media have different abilities to represent projections. What’s the difference of design cognitive behavior between conventional pen-and paper and pen-based system in view of both using a pen as a design medium? This research proceeds a think-aloud protocol analysis to present an analysis and discussion. Research results show that there is a relationship of gradual embodiment, mutually complementary, going from a whole to being dissected into sections between the different projections. Moreover, pen-based system is more than a pen, it allows designer to inspect a 3-D view during the sketching stage. This gives the designer more opportunities during the sketching stage to conduct the design thinking process based on the ambiguous 2-D projections and the more concrete 3-D images, as well as more opportunities for visual feedback
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

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