Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	sigradi2016_498
id	sigradi2016_498
authors	Santos, Gabriela Bonifacio dos; Raposo, Marinah; Matta, Roberto Da; Cavalcanti, Caio
year	2016
title	Tecnologia no Desenvolvimento da Arte Interativa [Technology in the Development of Interactive Art]
source	SIGraDi 2016 [Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Argentina, Buenos Aires 9 - 11 November 2016, pp.326-330
summary	This article is the result of a project that has been developed in ten days during an academic workshop. The goal was to overcome the force of gravity by producing an environment sensitive to human actions. The action indicated to the group, “soil peeling”, was conceptually idealized by creating an atmosphere that had the ability to subvert the force of gravity. The premise of the project was to support a critical attitude towards anthropocentric movement by emphasizing the individualistic character inherent to contemporary human being. This attitude has been represented by reversing the forces hierarchy. The power to control gravity was then assigned to the agent and, while they were in touch with the installation, they would have full control over a natural phenomenon and could handle it in their favor.
keywords	Parametric design; Digital manufacturing; Responsive environment; Rapid prototyping; Anthropocene
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2021/03/28 19:59

_id	sigradi2022_157
id	sigradi2022_157
authors	Santos, Luis; Berger, Christiane
year	2022
title	Mediating heat and light: a visualization-based tool to support the development of shading control protocols
source	Herrera, PC, Dreifuss-Serrano, C, Gómez, P, Arris-Calderon, LF, Critical Appropriations - Proceedings of the XXVI Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2022), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, 7-11 November 2022 , pp. 1151–1162
summary	Operating Dynamic Shading Systems (DSS) is often an ill-defined task since it requires pondering design criteria that are often at odds with each other, e.g., visual comfort and building energy-efficiency. This work proposes a co-simulation approach to efficiently analyze the impact of controlling DSS in the daylight and the energy performance of indoor spaces to address this difficulty. The proposed workflow uses advanced daylight and building energy simulation tools to enable comprehensive comparative analyses by post-processing simulation output through queryable visualizations. Additionally, the approach allows designers to create or refine DSS control strategies by manipulating visualizations of hourly DSS operation schedules. The authors tested the workflow in designing and controlling a DSS in three different climates: a temperate, a hot, and a very cold climate. The proposed approach delivered valuable insights about the complex tradeoffs that emerge from controlling DSS.
keywords	Building Performance, Solar Heat Gain, Visual Comfort, Building Operation
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2023/05/16 16:57

_id	sigradi2020_490
id	sigradi2020_490
authors	Santos, Ítalo Guedes dos; Andrade, Max Lira Veras Xavier de
year	2020
title	Standardization of Airport Architectural Design Projects BIM-based for Code Checking
source	SIGraDi 2020 [Proceedings of the 24th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISSN: 2318-6968] Online Conference 18 - 20 November 2020, pp. 490-498
summary	This paper addresses the use of BIM for code verification and automatic validation of the Architectural Design of Airports (ADA). In Brazil, the evaluation and approval of ADA are carried out by INFRAERO. Currently, designs are evaluated manually, resulting in errors and long evaluation time. To deal with this problem, a conceptual framework for automated ADA assessment with Code Checking is proposed. The method used was Design Science Research, with the proposal of an artifact. The partial results show the importance of establishing protocols for BIM modeling, based on IFC as an important tool for automated assessment with code checking.
keywords	Airports, Architectural Design of Airport, Building Information Modeling, Code Checking, IFC
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2021/07/16 11:49

_id	ddss9502
id	ddss9502
authors	Wang, Ming-Hung and Chao, Hua-Yu
year	1994
title	Spatial Schemata and Design Competence: A Case of Beginning Designers
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	In the course of learning professional skills in architectural design, students will develop, usually with the help of instructors, certain ways of analyzing spatial relations. Such spatial schemes are considered critical means to the comprehension of the graphical representations of spaces, and therefore schemes of different kind will have different effects on design performance. This study intends to explore this issue. Three sets of experiments are conducted to test our working hypotheses as stated as follows: (i) to reproduce a plane graphic requires knowledge and skills different from those to recognize; (ii) some schemes are more effective than others in reproducing plane graphics; (iii) the kind of schemes that can effectively reproducing given forms (in plane graphics) can also have positive effects on design capabilities. It is interesting to further differenti-ate the kinds of schemes and their power as design tools. All these experiments employ three kinds of spatial schemes: the categorical, the referential, and the hierarchical from the results we can reach the following conclusions: (i) reconstruction is a different mental activity from recognition which is mainly a comparison between the input data and the known characteristics reconstruction relies more on the structured relations among data that should be established in the course of recognition. Therefore, effective cognition is a part of design competence; (ii) categori-cal schema is found most effective in recognition test. The quality of this type has to do with the quality of its contents. Referential schema can effectively relate elements to one another and to the context in which they are located. This schema contributes to the quality of spatial compositions. Hierarchical schemata are more general that can help identify dependent relations among elements, and therefore reduce the complexity. Conceivably this can increase the efficiency of problem-solving in design.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	sigradi2023_17
id	sigradi2023_17
authors	Saquet, Taynan and Avalone Neto, Olavo
year	2023
title	Users’ perception of parametric modeled seating in public spaces
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 601–612
summary	This study investigates the user's relationship with seating and its influence on the use of public spaces, focusing on the physical characteristics of seating: elements (backrest, armrest), shape (straight, curved), configuration (individual, collective), materiality (concrete, wood) and arrangement (side by side, perpendicular) though nine perception scales: comfort, pleasantness, interest, accessibility, refinement, price, style, friendliness, and similarity. For this study, stimuli were constructed through parametric modeling and photomontages, printed, and presented in site to participants, and it was conducted in an urban park in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and it had the participation of 62 users of the space. Results indicate that backrest, side-by-side arrangement, and concrete material are within the preferences of the research participants.
keywords	Parametric Design, Urban Furniture, Seats, Public Spaces, Virtual Environment
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:07

_id	ecaade2013_048
id	ecaade2013_048
authors	Wang, Pin-Hung and Lin, Jui-Yen
year	2013
title	Using Smart Controlled AC and Ceiling Fan to Save Energy
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.021
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 21-28
summary	This research aimed to explore the energy savings through the use of smart control as well as ceiling fan in intelligent building. As the energy consumption of air-conditioning (AC) accounts for about 40% of total residential energy, therefore, applying smart control system to the use of AC to achieve the effects of comfy and energy savings should be able to generate positive effect for the energy consumption of overall residential. This study used the smart control system in the intelligent building lab to transmit message to AC for its implementation of next operating step through the indoor temperature sensor in order to achieve energy saving effect.
wos	WOS:000340643600001
keywords	Intelligent building; smart control; energy saving; ZigBee; smart living.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	cdrf2021_80
id	cdrf2021_80
authors	Sara Pezeshk
year	2021
title	Bio-Tile: An Intelligent Hybrid-Infrastructure
doi	https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_8
source	Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES The 3rd International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication (CDRF 2021)
summary	Bio-tile is a multipurpose artifact designed for protecting the coastline from erosion while creating a landscape element and an architectural experience for visitors. Bio-tile performs as a mitigation strategy to slow down erosion while promoting biodiversity. This paper describes the methodology used to develop the bio-tile as the nexus between digital and environmental for resolving coastline challenges through material tectonics. A non-linear algorithm and nature’s inherent code are used to develop the Bio-tile, a nature-based hybrid infrastructure. This approach aims to generate a performance-oriented design by using emergence theory to construct shoreline elements adaptive to climatic conditions.
series	cdrf
email
last changed	2022/09/29 07:53

_id	ecaade2022_75
id	ecaade2022_75
authors	Sardenberg, Victor and Becker, Mirco
year	2022
title	Computational Quantitative Aesthetics Evaluation - Evaluating architectural images using computer vision, machine learning and social media
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.2.567
source	Pak, B, Wurzer, G and Stouffs, R (eds.), Co-creating the Future: Inclusion in and through Design - Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2022) - Volume 2, Ghent, 13-16 September 2022, pp. 567–574
summary	This paper correlates two methods of aesthetic evaluation of architectural images utilising computer vision (CV) and machine learning (ML) for automating aesthetic evaluation: Calibrated aesthetic measure (CalAM) and aesthetic scoring model (ASM). From a database of images of proposals for a single location, users are invited to like or dislike it on social media to feed an ML model and calibrate an aesthetic measure formula (AMF). A possible application is to assist designers in making decisions according to the hedonic response given by users previously, enabling a faster way of popular participation.
keywords	Quantitative Aesthetics, Crowdsourcing, Aesthetic Measure, Computer Vision, Machine Learning, Social Media
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/04/22 07:10

_id	sigradi2021_46
id	sigradi2021_46
authors	Sardenberg, Victor, Rolim, Ana Luisa, Digiandomenico, Dyego, Da Silva Figueiredo, Andre Felipe, L. Aguiar Rattes, Rafael and Duarte, Clarissa
year	2021
title	The Hyphae House and the Paperless Worksite
source	Gomez, P and Braida, F (eds.), Designing Possibilities - Proceedings of the XXV International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2021), Online, 8 - 12 November 2021, pp. 903–914
summary	This paper discusses Augmented Reality on smartphones as a tool for building complex structures without utilizing CNC technology while showcasing architectural research. A 1:1 prototype made of concrete blocks was built to test the current stage of this technology, along with an interactive virtual exhibition. Results showed a positive outcome regarding possibilities to use the accessible technology of smartphones as a complementary tool, both in the construction site and to computerize construction work nowadays. Despite tolerance issues in the placement of blocks, the technology proved effectful as a construction and visualization method.
keywords	Realidade Aumentada, Biomimética, Educaçao e design, Prototipagem
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2022/05/23 12:11

_id	ijac202220403
id	ijac202220403
authors	Sardeshpande, Dhanashree; Vasudha Gokhale
year	2022
title	“Legibility” a product of obligatory processes in parametric architectural design: A study of implications of associative modeling on design thinking in a parametric architectural design studio
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing 2022, Vol. 20 - no. 4, pp. 728–741
summary	In a problem-based, digital-intensive learning environment, the increased proliferation of computational tools used for architectural design has led to a fundamental transformation in architectural studios. Many studies have shown that this has significantly led to the change in cognition of design environments in academia. Design decisions are made through a recursive process that is cyclically refined by allowing constant feedback and testing. This paper represents an observational study with an aim to understand the impact of digital mediums on design processes and design outcomes focusing on associative modeling using VPL. It contextualizes the difference, the associative modeling system as a parametric subset brings to design thinking when used as a medium to explore architectural design. It analyzes specific attributes of associative modeling, otherwise native to computational thinking, that contribute to the legibility of the design process. The paper demonstrates how associative modeling allows the design process to be examined and edited at any stage during and even after algorithmic development, bringing in flexibility. It is argued that digital design tool affordances enable students to develop multilayered and more structured design logic that augments cognition bringing more legibility to the design thinking process
keywords	architectural design pedagogy, digital design pedagogy, parametric design, design thinking, parametric design thinking, computational thinking, legibility, associative modeling using VPL
series	journal
last changed	2024/04/17 14:30

_id	888a
authors	Sariyildiz, S. and Ozsariyildiz, S.
year	1998
title	The Future of Architectural Design Practice within ICT Development
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1998.228
source	Computerised Craftsmanship [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Paris (France) 24-26 September 1998, pp. 228-233
summary	Design in general is analyzed and the use of ICT tools in architectural design practice in the design process explained. The place of the designer in the history and the future of the designer within the ongoing development of the ICT overviewed. The influence of the new technologies on the design and its process therefore the impact on ICT use in the practice clarified. The future perspectives of an architect as a profession and the place of the architect in the whole design process speculated. Architect as designer, as a product and process architect mentioned. Finally the influence of these changes on the architectural education reflected.
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.paris-valdemarne.archi.fr/archive/ecaade98/html/30sariyildiz/index.htm
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	caadria2012_051
id	caadria2012_051
authors	Wang, Yiping and Wei Zhang
year	2012
title	CAAD education in the panorama of architectural education system: A research on visualisation of the educational tools
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.579
source	Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 579–588
summary	The significance of CAAD begins with tools. However, the values of CAAD to architecture education are not only in increasing subjects associated with CAAD in the teaching but in improving comprehensive digitisation of architecture professional education. When CAAD develops into the level of BIM, the value of information emerges. And as the exchange mechanism of build information share data at the same time, BIM already has User-Facing Exchange Models and Vendor-Facing Model in NBIMS. Educators are more sensitive to the happening process of professional education and BIM should and can have Education-Facing Model and two inferences about the comprehensive digitisation of architectural education system including the visual organisation to architecture knowledge and the establishment of teaching process management digitisation system for whom a direct derived research is the application of AEIM (Architectural Education Information Model). This paper is a preliminary study of the possibility of such a model and its value as a tool of design education, and further research can be conducted to study the systematic structure of the information model and methods of its visualisation.
keywords	Architectural education; education information; BIM; information exchange; visualisation
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	ascaad2016_037
id	ascaad2016_037
authors	Wannan, Samer R.
year	2016
title	Teaching Parametric Design in Architecture - A Case Study
source	Parametricism Vs. Materialism: Evolution of Digital Technologies for Development [8th ASCAAD Conference Proceedings ISBN 978-0-9955691-0-2] London (United Kingdom) 7-8 November 2016, pp. 357-366
summary	The increasing technological advancements nowadays make the integration of digital tools and techniques in architecture pedagogy a must. A course in the department of architecture at Birzeit University in Palestine was proposed as a summer course in order to introduce students to the possibilities of using digital parametric tools and techniques in architecture design and manufacturing. In reflection of the experiment of the course, in which students were asked to design and construct a temporary pavilion, the paper will examine the potentials and challenges of using parametric digital tools in architecture design, and the way students imagine and conceive the performance of their design ideas virtually and practically. Furthermore, the project proposes that form is not constrained to the form-making process, but form must be a response to a material system and its properties, and thus material should be engaged in the design process. Initial design ideas are explored by building a parametric 3D digital model using a visual scripting platform. This virtual model allows for the evaluation of the performance of the design and the assembly method before realization and, moreover, experiments with design alternatives and forms. The final full-detailed digital model will be used in the fabrication phase to construct a one-to-one scale physical model in the real world, which gives students the chance to get sense and interact with the implemented environment and to experience their designs in real world.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2017/05/25 13:33

_id	e629
authors	Sariyildiz, Sevil and Van der Veer, Peter
year	1998
title	The role of ICT as a partner in Architectural Design Education
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1998.139
source	Computers in Design Studio Teaching [EAAE/eCAADe International Workshop Proceedings / ISBN 09523687-7-3] Leuven (Belgium) 13-14 November 1998, pp. 139-146
summary	Design education in general is analyzed and the existing tools in the design process are explained. The design education in the past as well as the design education for the future is mentioned. The influence of new technologies on the design and the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) use in the education are clarified. Finally the future perspectives of an architectural education and the preparation of future professionals to the practice is worked out. Further speculations about the role of ICT in the education and practice is done. The form and the infrastructure of ICT education for architects are discussed.
keywords	ICT, Architectural Design, Architectural Education, Knowledge Integration Tools, Decision Support Tools, Design Tool, Internet, JAVA, Collaborative Design
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.eaae.be/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	e7e0
authors	Watanabe, Shun
year	1996
title	Computer Literacy in Design Education
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1996.001
source	CAADRIA ‘96 [Proceedings of The First Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 9627-75-703-9] Hong Kong (Hong Kong) 25-27 April 1996, pp. 1-10
summary	Many Schools of Architecture in Japan installed many computers in their class rooms, and have already begun courses for CAAD skill. But in many cases, few teachers make their efforts for this kind of education personally. Having limited staff prevents one from making the global program of design education by using computers. On the other hand, only teaching how to use individual CAD/CG software in architectural and urban design is already out of date in education. Students will be expected to adapt themselves to the coming multi-media society. For example, many World Wide Web services were started commercially and the Internet has become very familiar within the last year. But I dare to say that a few people can enjoy Internet services actually in schools of Architecture and construction companies. Students should be brought up to improve their ability of analysing, planning and designing by linking various software technologies efficiently in the word-wide network environment and using them at will. In future design education, we should teach that computers can be used not only as a presentation media of architectural form, but also as a simulation media of architectural and urban design from various points of view. The University of Tsukuba was established about 25 years ago, and its system is different from the other universities in Japan. In comparison with other faculties of Architecture and Urban Planning, our Faculty is very multi-disciplinary, and ability of using computers has been regarded as the essential skill of foundation. In this paper, I will introduce how CAAD education is situated in our global program, and discuss the importance of computer literacy in architectural and urban design education.
keywords	Computer Literacy, Design Education, CAD, Internet
series	CAADRIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	caadria2007_185
id	caadria2007_185
authors	Sarkar, Somwrita; John S. Gero and Rob Saunders
year	2007
title	Re-Thinking Optimization as a Computational Design Tool: A Situated Agent Based Approach
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2007.x.q2i
source	CAADRIA 2007 [Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Nanjing (China) 19-21 April 2007
summary	This paper presents a situated agent-based tool for design optimization. A situated agent captures, learns from and re-uses the interactions which it has with its external environment, forming the basis for experience-based knowledge building in an agent. An agent is developed for design modeling, reformulation and algorithm selection – a class of tasks in design optimization traditionally performed by humans based on their experience, and hard to automate.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	28d8
authors	Sarnak, Neil and Tarjan, Robert E.
year	1986
title	Planar Point Location Using Persistent Search Trees
source	Communications of the ACM July, 1986. vol. 29: pp. 669-679 : ill. includes bibliography.
summary	A classical problem in computational geometry is the planar point location problem. This problem calls for preprocessing a polygonal subdivision of the plane defined by n line segments so that, given a sequence of points, the polygon containing each point can be determined quickly on-line. Several ways of solving this problem in O(log n) query time and O(n) space are known, but they are all rather complicated. The authors propose a simple O(log n) query-time, O(n) space solution, using persistent search trees. A persistent search tree differs from an ordinary search tree in that after an insertion or deletion, the old version of the tree can stillÔ h)000*°° ÔŒ be accessed. A persistent form of binary search tree that supports insertions and deletions in the present and queries in the past is developed. The time per query or update is O(log m), where m is the total number of updates, and the space needed is O(1) per update. The planar point location algorithm is an immediate application of this data structure. The structure also provides an alternative to Chazelle's 'hive graph' structure, which has a variety of applications in geometric retrieval
keywords	search, data structures, algorithms, point inclusion, computational geometry
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	4181
authors	Sasada, Tsuyoshi Tee
year	1994
title	Open Design Environment and Collaborative Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1994.003
source	The Virtual Studio [Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Education in Computer Aided Architectural Design / ISBN 0-9523687-0-6] Glasgow (Scotland) 7-10 September 1994, pp. 3-6
summary	OpenDesignEnvironment is a concept of a design environment for environmental design. At the same time, OpenDesignEnvironment is a system which was build according to that concept. It uses 3-D models and computer graphics as a communication medium, and aims to make a design process open to the people who are concerned with a design project. OpenDesignEnvironment was used in practical environmental design projects, and worked as presentation tools, design review tools, and design tools. Furthermore, OpenDesignEnvironment is going to be an environment for collaborative design.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	ecaade2016_047
id	ecaade2016_047
authors	Webb, Nicholas, Buchanan, Alexandrina and Peterson, John Robert
year	2016
title	Modelling Medieval Vaults: Comparing Digital Surveying Techniques to Enhance our Understanding of Gothic Architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2016.2.493
source	Herneoja, Aulikki; Toni Österlund and Piia Markkanen (eds.), Complexity & Simplicity - Proceedings of the 34th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, 22-26 August 2016, pp. 493-502
summary	Surveying tools such as laser scanning and photogrammetry are increasingly accessible, providing opportunities as digital mediators to enhance our understanding of architectural heritage. Here we discuss and compare the use of both techniques as starting points to analyse medieval vaults at two sites in England: Chester Cathedral and Exeter Cathedral. The project is inspired by the work of Robert Willis, a Victorian scholar who hypothesised how medieval vaults were designed and constructed; however, he did not have sufficient survey data to fully prove his theories. We will discuss the accuracy of each digital survey method in relation to our research that occurred at two distinct scales: the overall geometry of vault rib arcs where vault bays were several metres in length and width, as well as more detailed investigations of individual rib profiles where millimetre accuracy is required. We will compare laser scanning with photogrammetry in terms of their methodological and practical applications to architectural heritage in the particular context of medieval vault design, in order to assess the relative merits of each and aid decision-making as to which method should be used in specific circumstances.
wos	WOS:000402064400049
keywords	Photogrammetry; laser scanning; point cloud modelling; medieval vaults; digital heritage
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	cf2005_1_72_160
id	cf2005_1_72_160
authors	SASS Lawrence
year	2005
title	Wood Frame Grammar
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-3460-1] Vienna (Austria) 20–22 June 2005, pp. 383-392
summary	This paper demonstrates a novel method to generate house designs completely from 3/4” plywood sheets. A shape grammar routine is employed to divide an initial solid shape into constructible components for fabrication by CNC wood routing. The paper demonstrates programmable functions that can be performed using CAD scripting. Future goals for the grammar are to develop CAD programs for digital fabrication using CNC routers. The programs will automate the fabrication process allowing the designer to focus on the visual aspect of design evaluation at any scale with little concern for constructability.
keywords	CNC , shape grammars, scripting
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2006/11/07 07:27

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