CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id fcd6
authors Berger, S.R.
year 1979
title Artificial Intelligence and its impact on Coimputer-Aided Design
source Design Studies, vol 1, no. 3
summary This paper provides, for readers unfamiliar with the field, an introductory account of research which has been carried out in artificial intelligence. It attempts to distingussh between an artificial intelligence and a conventional computing approach and to assess the future influence of the former on computer-aided design.
series journal paper
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14

_id ecaade2008_053
id ecaade2008_053
authors Berit Lang, Silke
year 2008
title Is it About Time to Investigate a Transdisciplinary Understanding of Design?
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.283
source Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 283-292
summary This paper claims that now the time is right to investigate a transdisciplinary understanding of design. Nowadays, design is excellent in many disciplines and specialized fields but not connected and coordinated to other fields. The benefit of a transdiciplinary understanding of design will open up new ways in teaching, research and business. The current activities in this field at leading schools worldwide evidence that the time has come to gain a fundamental understanding of design. In this paper we describe the phenomena that design as a research topic currently gains in importance. We then discuss why there is no unified definition of design. We explain our approach towards a transdiciplinary understanding of design and show how this differs from other initiatives.
keywords Design Science, Design, Modeling, Verification, Knowledge Visualization
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id 6d22
authors Bermudez, J., Agutter, J., Syroid, N., Lilly, B., Sharir, Y., Lopez, T., Westenskow, D. and Foresti, S.
year 2002
title Interfacing Virtual & Physical Spaces through the Body: The cyberPRINT Project
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2002.395
source Thresholds - Design, Research, Education and Practice, in the Space Between the Physical and the Virtual [Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-11-X] Pomona (California) 24-27 October 2002, pp. 395-400
summary The cyberPRINT is a fully immersive, interactive virtual environment that is being generated in rea-timebased on physiological data readings of a human body. In other words, the cyberPRINT is based oncreating interfaces between physical and digital spaces and between biology and informationtechnologies. The cyberPRINT is also an event, wherein a performer is connected to the cyberPRINTgenerator to create a self-sustaining feedback mechanism. Although using the body to electronicallydrive music and media events is not new, most of these works have paid little or no attention to thepotential of interactive 3D virtual environments. Nor have they been so technologically advanced,interdisciplinary intensive (involving architecture, choreography, modern dance, music, bioengineering,medicine and computer science), or architecturally focused as the cyberPRINT.This project covers a wide and fertile territory that goes from the very technical and design oriented tothe very theoretical and interdisciplinary. This paper is intended to (1) expand what has been alreadypublished about this project (Bermudez et al 2000a) and (2) establish potential areas for discussionbefore and after the performance
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id sigradi2006_e082d
id sigradi2006_e082d
authors Beros Contreras, Christian
year 2006
title Space, Events and Urban Performance
source SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 333-336
summary This report investigates different kinds of Urban Performance in Thames Path, South Bank of Thames River. Urban Performance is defined here as the expression or manifestation of different social groups in the city space regarding the appropriation of a specific place for its spatial practices. The Urban Performances are intrinsic to the cultural expression of the city and revealed through the spatial experience of both performer and spectator. The aim of this paper is to shed light on different kind of urban performances and how are they linked to spatial and syntactic properties of space. This topic is intrinsic in the space syntax theory due its fundamental relation between spatiality and human activity. The research method used were, direct observations by static snapshots and traces (related with human movement) and a survey of potential attractors, active facades and path widths. The results were overlaid with spatial analysis in terms of performers isovists and syntactic analysis through visibility graph. The findings show a strong relation between performers’ use of space and visibility in the urban area, and a high influence of the cultural attractions and public services that works as movement attractors. The discussion is developed through the research findings and theories of spatial experience putting forward varied interpretations related with the research topic and the selected site. The report concludes that the urban performances in Thames path is determined by the human co presence in the space, due to this strategic points chosen along the path by the performers are strongly related with the visual connections in the system. Furthermore, the attractors play an important role shaping the spatial experience and urban character of the studied area.
keywords Urban Performance; Space Syntax; Isovists
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id 82b9
authors Beyers, Robert and Desa, Subhas
year 1989
title Design of Control Systems for Performance : A Constraint Mapping Approach
source 17 p. : ill Engineering Design Research Center, CMU, October, 1989. EDRC 24-10-89. includes bibliography.
summary Simple s-plane maps are used to graphically reveal interactions of performance requirements and constraints thus providing a control system designer insight into performance trade-offs. Two well-known but powerful ideas underlie this approach: (a) the characteristic equation of an nth-order system can be fully described by the specification of n variables and (b) any dynamic performance requirement or constraint can be expressed in terms of 2n variables of which n describe the open-loop and n describe the closed-loop characteristic equations. An example illustrates the application of the approach to controller design
keywords constraints, engineering, control, systems, design, performance
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id caadria2018_342
id caadria2018_342
authors Bhagat, Nikita, Rybkowski, Zofia, Kalantar, Negar, Dixit, Manish, Bryant, John and Mansoori, Maryam
year 2018
title Modulating Natural Ventilation to Enhance Resilience Through Modifying Nozzle Profiles - Exploring Rapid Prototyping Through 3D-Printing
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2018.2.185
source T. Fukuda, W. Huang, P. Janssen, K. Crolla, S. Alhadidi (eds.), Learning, Adapting and Prototyping - Proceedings of the 23rd CAADRIA Conference - Volume 2, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 17-19 May 2018, pp. 185-194
summary The study aimed to develop and test an environmentally friendly, easily deployable, and affordable solution for socio-economically challenged populations of the world. 3D-printing (additive manufacturing) was used as a rapid prototyping tool to develop and test a façade system that would modulate air velocity through modifying nozzle profiles to utilize natural cross ventilation techniques in order to improve human comfort in buildings. Constrained by seasonal weather and interior partitions which block the ability to cross ventilate, buildings can be equipped to perform at reduced energy loads and improved internal human comfort by using a façade system composed of retractable nozzles developed through this empirical research. This paper outlines the various stages of development and results obtained from physically testing different profiles of nozzle-forms that would populate the façade system. In addition to optimizing nozzle profiles, the team investigated the potential of collapsible tube systems to permit precise placement of natural ventilation directed at occupants of the built space.
keywords Natural ventilation; Wind velocity; Rapid prototyping; 3D-printing; Nozzle profiles
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ecaade2008_159
id ecaade2008_159
authors Bhatt, Anand; Kishore, AVV
year 2008
title Studying Corpus Changes in CumInCAD
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.855
source Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 855-860
summary We discuss several experiments conducted with the Corpus of CAAD research, where we focus on the change in the CAAD Ontology. These experiments are representative of the investigations which could be conducted through an ontology driven, online application designed to allow the research community investigate the nature, structure and evolution of our discipline.
keywords Knowledge Modelling, Modelling View, Semantics and Change, CAAD Ontology, Representation
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id cf2009_626
id cf2009_626
authors Bhatt, Anand; Martens, Bob
year 2009
title The topics of CAAD: An evolutionary perspective – a research for representing the space of CAAD
source T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages, Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009, PUM, 2009, pp. 626- 641
summary This paper is concerned with the ongoing changes and the evolution of CAAD using machine-assisted techniques. It is feasible to create a hypothesis of the identity of the discipline depicted in the archived published output, and semantically link it to the data cloud. This allows for expansion of the meanings embodied in the research and inference about what CAAD is, and to trace back how the field progressed. We present several case-studies showing how this inference is done and finally, observations are elaborated and an outlook on further work is discussed.
keywords Ontology, clustering, metrics, machine learning, data mining
series CAAD Futures
type normal paper
email
last changed 2010/07/01 07:19

_id eb87
authors Bhavnani, S.K.
year 1996
title How Architects Draw with Computers: A Cognitive Analysis of Real-World CAD Interactions
source Carnegie Mellon University, School of Architecture and School of Computer Science
summary New media throughout history have passed through a period of transition during which users and technologists took many years to understand and exploit the medium's potential. CAD appears to be passing through a similar period of transition; despite huge investments by vendors and users, CAD productivity remains difficult to achieve. To investigate if history can provide any insights into this problem, this thesis begins with an examination of well-known examples from history. The analysis revealed that, over time, users had developed efficient strategies which were based on powers and limitations of tools; delegation strategies exploited powers provided by tools, and circumvention strategies attempted to overcome their limitations. These insights on efficient strategies were used to investigate the CAD productivity problem based on four research questions:

1. How do architects currently use CAD systems to produce drawings?

2. What are the effects of current CAD usage on product and performance?

3. What are the possible causes of current CAD usage?

4. What are the capabilities of the CAD medium and how can they be used efficiently?

The above four questions were addressed through the qualitative, quantitative, and cognitive analysis of data collected during an ethnographic study of architects working in their natural environment. The qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed that users missed many opportunities to use strategies that delegated iteration to the computer. The cognitive analysis revealed that missed opportunities to use such delegation strategies caused an increase in execution time, and an increase in errors many of which went undetected leading to the production of inaccurate drawings. These analyses pointed to plausible cognitive and contextual explanations for the inefficient use of CAD systems, and to a framework to identify and teach efficient CAD strategies. The above results were found to be neither unique to the CAD domain, nor to the office where the data were collected. The generality of these results motivated the identification of seven claims towards a general theory to explain and identify efficient strategies for a wide range of devices. This thesis contributes to the field of architecture by providing a detailed analysis of real-world CAD usage, and an approach to improve the performance of CAD users. The thesis also contributes to the field of human-computer interaction by demonstrating the generality of these results and by laying the framework for a general theory of efficient strategies which could be used to improve the performance of users of current and future computer applications.

series thesis:PhD
email
last changed 2003/04/15 13:36

_id ddss2004_ra-247
id ddss2004_ra-247
authors Bi, G. and B. Medjdoub
year 2004
title Hybrid Approach to Solve Space Planning Problems in Building Services
source Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) Recent Advances in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN: 1-4020-2408-8, p. 247-261
summary In this paper an object-based CAD programming is used to take advantage of standardization to handle the schematic design, sizing, layout for services in a building ceiling void. From the specification of the building 3D model, our software proceeds through different steps; from the determination of the standard number and size of fan coils to the generation of 3D solutions. In order to deal with more complex geometry and larger problems, we have used a hybrid approach: Case Based Reasoning (CBR) within Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) approaches. In practice, engineers in building services use previous solutions and adapt them to new problems. CBR mirrors this practical approach and does help us to deal with increasingly complex geometry effectively, and meanwhile CSP has been used for layout adaptation. The results have shown that it is possible to define and implement standard solutions to produce designs comparable with current practice. The benchmarking exercise has underlined many advantages and made some suggestions for further development. This project is funded by The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) in UK.
keywords Case-Based Reasoning, Constraint Satisfaction Problem, Ceiling Voids Layout, Complex Geometry, Large Problem
series DDSS
last changed 2004/07/03 22:13

_id sigradi2003_043
id sigradi2003_043
authors Bianchi, N., Montelpare, A. and Soboleosky, L.
year 2003
title El aprendizaje inicial del proceso proyectual (The initial learning of the design process)
source SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary The act of design using the graphic language is esential to the organization and determination of the process. Introducing digital tools modifies the design project research. Its application faces the traditional experience and encourages different demands conceptually and operatively. We wonder if the use of digital media, from the very beginning, is possible or pupils must have trainning in the use of conventional graphic in order to be meaningfull. Our proposition is to include digital technology from the beginnitng of the teaching process, in order to explore the potencial of each mode and promoving to learn the normative background.
keywords Initial learning design, analog and digital modes
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id acadia14projects_07
id acadia14projects_07
authors Bieg, Kory
year 2014
title Caret 6
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.007
source ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Projects of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 9789126724478]Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014), pp. 07-10
summary Caret 6 in an installation and exhibition designed and curated by Kory Bieg and his students from the University of Texas at Austin Studio he taught in the fall of 2013. The installation supports prototypes and the winning project from the Tex-Fab 2013 SKIN Competition.
keywords Digital Fabrication and Construction, Vault, Kangaroo, Grasshopper, Parametric, Installation
series ACADIA
type Research Projects
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ecaade2013_023
id ecaade2013_023
authors Biloria, Nimish and Chang, Jia-Rey
year 2013
title Hyper-Morphology
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.529
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 529-537
summary Hyper-Morphology is an on-going research outlining a bottom-up evolutionary design process based on autonomous cellular building components. The research interfaces critical operational traits of the natural world (Evolutionary Development Biology, Embryology and Cellular Differentiation) with Evolutionary Computational techniques driven design methodologies. In the Hyper-Morphology research, genetic sequences are considered as sets of locally coded relational associations between multiple factors such as the amount of components, material based constraints, and geometric adaptation/degrees of freedom based adaptation abilities etc, which are embedded autonomously within each HyperCell component. Collective intelligence driven decision-making processes are intrinsic to the Hyper-Morphology logic for intelligently operating with autonomous componential systems (akin to swarm systems). This subsequently results in user and activity centric global morphology generation in real-time. Practically, the Hyper-Morphology research focuses on a 24/7 economy loop wherein real-time adaptive spatial usage interfaces with contemporary culture of flexible living within spatial constraints in a rapidly urbanizing world.
wos WOS:000340635300055
keywords Evo-devo; cellular differentiation; self-organization; evolutionary computation; adaptive architecture.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2012_5
id ecaade2012_5
authors Biloria, Nimish; Chang, Jia-Rey
year 2012
title HyperCell: A Bio-Inspired Information Design Framework for Real-Time Adaptive Spatial Components
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.2.573
source Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-3-7, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp. 573-581
summary Contemporary explorations within the evolutionary computational domain have been heavily instrumental in exploring biological processes of adaptation, growth and mutation. On the other hand a plethora of designers owing to the increasing sophistication in computer aided design software are equally enthused by the formal aspects of biological organisms and are thus meticulously involved in form driven design developments. This focus on top-down appearance and surface condition based design development under the banner of organic architecture in essence contributes to the growing misuse of bio-inspired design and the inherent meaning associated with the terminology. HyperCell, a bio-inspired information design framework for real-time adaptive spatial components, is an ongoing research, at Hyperbody, TU Delft, which focuses on extrapolating bottom-up generative design and real-time interaction based adaptive spatial re-use logics by understanding processes of adaptation, multi-performance and self sustenance in natural systems. Evolutionary developmental biology is considered as a theoretical basis for this research.
wos WOS:000330320600061
keywords Adaptation; Swarms; Evo-Devo; Simulation: Cellular component
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id acadia23_v2_118
id acadia23_v2_118
authors Bindlish, Stuti; M. Marji, Zaid; Aghaei Meibodi, Mania
year 2023
title Cavity Shell: Sequential Cast-in-Place Method to Create Compression-Only Structures with Ultra-Thin Additively Manufactured Formwork Assemblies
source ACADIA 2023: Habits of the Anthropocene: Scarcity and Abundance in a Post-Material Economy [Volume 2: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference for the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9891764-0-3]. Denver. 26-28 October 2023. edited by A. Crawford, N. Diniz, R. Beckett, J. Vanucchi, M. Swackhamer 118-128.
summary A compression-only structure's impressive strength-to-weight ratio allows it to span large spaces using significantly less material. However, prefabricated masonry or concrete components used to construct compression-only structures are prone to damage during handling and transportation, and contribute to CO2 emissions. Additionally, assembling these components requires heavy falsework, which results in material wastage and increased construction costs. This research paper presents an alternative approach to constructing compression-only structures by introducing a new, in-situ construction approach based on coupling 3D-printed, ultra-lightweight plastic formwork and sequential casting of the formwork in compression on site. This is achieved through developing: 1) a new construction method based on the assembly of lightweight, 3D printed plastic form- work in compression-only form, which is then sequentially cast with concrete in place; 2) an integrative formwork system informed by structural and casting logics (i.e., flowability, the height of the casting point in relation to hydrostatic pressure, placement of formwork interface in alignment to internal forces in the structure; and 3) a parametric model for translating force-form diagram to integrative formwork. To verify this research method, Cavity Shell, a 1:1 scale compression-only table leg structure, measuring 1.4 meters in radius and 0.8 meters in height, was designed and built (Figure 1). This ultra-lightweight formwork took less than 48 hours to assemble, and was sequentially cast by two people. This research demonstrates the potential to rethink the construction of compression-only structures by minimizing the material used, and improving economic and environmental efficiency in their construction life cycle.
series ACADIA
type paper
email
last changed 2024/12/20 09:12

_id ecaade2016_188
id ecaade2016_188
authors Bingöl, Cemal Koray and Çolako?lu, Birgül
year 2016
title Agent-Based Urban Growth Simulation - A Case Study on Istanbul
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2016.2.041
source Herneoja, Aulikki; Toni Österlund and Piia Markkanen (eds.), Complexity & Simplicity - Proceedings of the 34th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, 22-26 August 2016, pp. 41-48
summary This study aims to create a simulation model for urban growth with agent-based modeling. The model is based on the theoretical research of Michael Batty on urban growth simulations. The study explains how the theoretical approach applied in the model with the parameters. The model in this study is created in an open-source API called 'Processing' and the simulations executed through the parameters in the study. The results of the simulation are compared with each other to find optimal parameters fits in the theoretical approach. Parameters are tested on an existing urban settlement map, which Is Istanbul. The results of Istanbul simulation are compared with existing density and urban sprawl maps of Istanbul and discussed for further studies.
wos WOS:000402064400003
keywords agent-based design; urban growth; urban simulation
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ascaad2016_022
id ascaad2016_022
authors Birge, David; Sneha Mandhan and Alan Berger
year 2016
title Dynamic Simulation of Neighborhood Water Use - A case study of Emirati neighborhoods in Abu Dhabi, UAE
source Parametricism Vs. Materialism: Evolution of Digital Technologies for Development [8th ASCAAD Conference Proceedings ISBN 978-0-9955691-0-2] London (United Kingdom) 7-8 November 2016, pp. 197-206
summary Being located in a hot, humid and arid bioregion, as well as having a unique religious and social context, the Gulf Cooperation Council cities pose significant challenges to the achievement of sustainable urban development. Using native neighborhoods in Abu Dhabi as a case study, this ongoing research aims to develop a design methodology which utilizes both qualitative and quantitative analysis towards the holistic, feedback driven design of new neighborhood typologies for the native population. This paper focuses on the methodology and application of a water use module which measures neighborhood scale indoor and outdoor water use, an area of simulation critical to developing sustainable neighborhoods for Arab cities, yet underrepresented within the literature. The water module comprises one part of a larger toolkit that aims to measure both environmental sustainability as well as social and cultural factors unique to the context of Abu Dhabi and the gulf region.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2017/05/25 13:31

_id c9e4
authors Birmingham, William P. and Siewiorek, Daniel P.
year 1988
title Automated knowledge Acquisition for a Computer Hardware Synthesis System
source 19 p. : ill. Engineering Design Research Center, CMU, June, 1988. EDRC 18-06-88. includes bibliography
summary The MICON Synthesizer Version 1 (M1) is a rule-based system which produces a complete small computer design from a set of abstract specifications. The ability of M1 to produce designs depends on the encoding of large amounts of domain knowledge. An automated knowledge acquisition tool, CGEN, works symbiotically with M1 by gathering the knowledge required by M1. CGEN acquires knowledge about how to build and when to use various computer structures. This paper overviews the operation of CGEN by providing an example of the types of knowledge acquired and the mechanisms employed. A novel knowledge-intensive generalization scheme is presented. Generalization is a pragmatic necessity for knowledge acquisition in this domain. A series of experiments to test CGEN's capabilities are explained. A description of the architecture and knowledge-base of M1 is also provided
keywords electrical engineering, automation, knowledge acquisition, knowledge base, systems
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id e19d
authors Birmingham, William P. and Siewiorek, Daniel P.
year 1989
title Capturing Designer Expertise : The CGEN System
source 18 p. : ill Pittsburgh, PA: Engineering Design Research Center, CMU, August, 1989. EDRC 18-08-89. includes bibliography.
summary Knowledge-based systems are becoming pervasive in the computer-aided design area. For these systems to achieve satisfactory levels of performance large amounts of knowledge are necessary. However, the acquisition of knowledge is a difficult and tedious task. Automated knowledge-acquisition tools (AKAT) provide capabilities for quickly building and maintaining knowledge-bases. This paper describes the CGEN AKAT, which allows hardware designers, unfamiliar with artificial intelligence programming techniques, to deposit their expertise into a synthesis tool's knowledge-base. A set of experiments which tested CGEN's capabilities are presented. The experiments show that with CGEN hardware designers can produce high quality knowledge-bases
keywords CAD, automation, knowledge acquisition, tools, AI, programming, knowledge base, systems, integrated circuits, hardware
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 10:24

_id 8ac0
authors Birmingham, William P., Gupta, Anurag P. and Siewiorek, Daniel P.
year 1988
title The MICON System for Computer Design
source 11 p. : ill. Pittsburgh, PA: Engineering Design Research Center, CMU, November, 1988. EDRC 18-10-89. includes bibliography
summary The MICON system is an integrated collection of programs which automatically synthesizes small computer systems from high level specifications. The system address multiple levels of design, from logical through physical, providing a rapid prototyping capability. Two programs form MICON's nucleus: a knowledge-based synthesis tool called M1; and, an automated knowledge acquisition tool named CGEN which is used to teach M1 how to design. Other tools in the MICON system are an integrated database and associated data management tools. The system is fully functional, having been used to generate working designs. This paper describes the architecture and operation of the MICON system
keywords integrated circuits, electrical engineering, design, systems, automation, integration
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

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