Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ecaadesigradi2019_307
id	ecaadesigradi2019_307
authors	Kovacs, Adam Tamas, Szoboszlai, Mihaly and Csusz, Istvan
year	2019
title	Key for Entering Industry 4.0 in the AEC Sector - BIM Organisation Development
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.1.275
source	Sousa, JP, Xavier, JP and Castro Henriques, G (eds.), Architecture in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution - Proceedings of the 37th eCAADe and 23rd SIGraDi Conference - Volume 1, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2019, pp. 275-282
summary	More and more sectors are entering Industry 4.0 but when we look around in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry, we do not see it happening. We wanted to investigate the reason behind this. Therefore, we conducted research among Hungarian design studios to find out what level of development they are at, and what the obstacles could be for implementing the latest technologies. This paper identifies the main problem we uncovered and discusses a possible solution. We explain what BIM Organisation Development is and why it is fundamental for architect studios who would like to enter Industry 4.0. We introduce the so-called Brick+Data Method, specifying its three essential development steps to get BIM technologies implemented and to make architect studios more efficient. Finally, we share our findings according to the feedback of the companies we worked with using this method.
keywords	BIM; organisation development; technology implementation; Industry 4.0; design process
series	eCAADeSIGraDi
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ijac202119311
id	ijac202119311
authors	Kovacs, Adam Tamas; Micsik, Andras
year	2021
title	BIM quality control based on requirement linked data
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing 2021, Vol. 19 - no. 3, 431–448
summary	This article discusses a BIM Quality Control Ecosystem that is based on Requirement Linked Data in order to create a framework where automated BIM compliance checking methods can be widely used. The meaning of requirements is analyzed in a building project context as a basis for data flow analysis: what are the main types of requirements, how they are handled, and what sources they originate from. A literature review has been conducted to find the present development directions in quality checking, besides a market research on present, already widely used solutions. With the conclusions of these research and modern data management theory, the principles of a holistic approach have been defined for quality checking in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. A comparative analysis has been made on current BIM compliance checking solutions according to our review principles. Based on current practice and ongoing research, a state-of-the-art BIM quality control ecosystem is proposed that is open, enables automation, promotes interoperability, and leaves the data governing responsibility at the sources of the requirements. In order to facilitate the flow of requirement and quality data, we propose a model for requirements as Linked Data and provide example for quality checking using Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL). As a result, an opportunity is given for better quality and cheaper BIM design methods to be implemented in the industry.
keywords	Compliance check, quality assurance, quality control, linked data, requirement, BIM
series	journal
email
last changed	2024/04/17 14:29

_id	84e1
authors	Kovacs, Laszio Bela and Galle, Per
year	1990
title	Logic Programming for Concept Modelling and Support of Urban Housing Design : A Pilot Study
source	1990. 134 p. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	Starting from a case study of manual sketch design of a residential area, the authors develop a prototypical site plan for low to medium density housing. The layout keeps pedestrian and vehicular traffic separated and provides open green area as well as a concentrated urban atmosphere. The constituents of the prototype layout are identified and a system of concepts devised accordingly. This conceptual analysis is formalized, using a Horn clause logic notation. Aspects of the resulting logic model concerning design of walking lines and plazas are refined into a considerable amount of detail. This exercise in knowledge representation seems to indicate that it will be possible, within the logic programming paradigm, to implement computerized support systems able to cooperate with and simulate designers working with architectural design. The main result of the study is that logical analysis of a particular prototype design can result in a collection of quite general concepts which are potentially useful in many other context than that of the prototype, for other kinds of design tasks. The report concludes by recommending several lines or aspects of future research in this area
keywords	architecture, design, logic, programming, knowledge base, systems, CAD, layout, prototypes
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	ecaade2020_201
id	ecaade2020_201
authors	Kovaøík, David, Tsikoliya, Shota, Vaško, Imrich, Sviták, Daniel and Fri?riksson, ?órbergur
year	2020
title	Vibrant Formations - Geometries and dynamic material systems
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.1.281
source	Werner, L and Koering, D (eds.), Anthropologic: Architecture and Fabrication in the cognitive age - Proceedings of the 38th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2020, pp. 281-288
summary	The project Vibrant Formations presents a series of experiments based on the research of the behavior of granular materials. The experiments shown in the paper are seen as a link between native material geometries and designed geometries. The project perceives granular materials as an intelligent matter capable of creating distinct patterns and actively responding to the environment they are placed in. This attitude towards material positions the project in an opposition to standard 3D printing technologies, where materials are seen as a proto-matter that acquires its properties and capabilities first after being formed into computed geometries and 3D printed shapes. The project Vibrant Formations explores material properties of different granular materials and processes and materializes their behavior. It works with the phenomenon called "granular segregation" to achieve specific objects connected to material logic which resemble frozen, digitally simulated particle systems. The material properties found in the research are further utilized. The process of granular segregation is investigated and material geometries replaced by fabricated geometries. This leads to a semi-automatised interlocking system capable of assembling and disassembling.
keywords	granular material; material behaviour; self-assembly; material assembly
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ddssup0203
id	ddssup0203
authors	Kovács, L.B., Kotsis, I. and Dobosy, A.
year	2002
title	A Generic Support Module to Site Planning with Road Access
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part two: Urban Planning Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	The aim of this paper is to present a generic module providing several support functions for site planning. The site will be composed of several building lots in harmony with each other and the surroundings. The site plan should satisfy the goals, conditions, rules and regulations explicitly orimplicitly indicated by the design brief. The maximum size and the placement area for the building on each of the lots are part of the plan. Proper road access should be provided for each of the building lots.A variety of ideas and patterns are used to create unified groups of building lots subject to certain restrictions on size, form and other attributes of the composition. Two basically different approachesfor the road planning will be compared. One of them is space planning first with some preconceptions on the structure of the road network, followed by the actual road formation. The other one starts with planning the road access first - provided that the site is properly divided into subareas. In the second phase of this approach the building lots are formed on each of the sites created by the road network. In both approaches several iterations might be necessary. A logic programming prototype with Prologimplementation is presented. Connection to earlier support modules and ideas for an integrated support system are outlined.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9834
id	ddss9834
authors	Kovács, László Béla and Kotsis, István
year	1998
title	Basic Concepts and Prototypes of a Land Usage Design and Decision Support System
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	This paper presents the basic ideas of a computer system for supporting urban design and decisions on land use. We argue, that the high complexity of urban design - inherent in the its large number of interdependent views and aspects - seems to justify a flexible support system capable of reasoning and conceptual modelling. Such a system may be prohibitively resource demanding unless we are able to build it up from smaller and larger modules of different types and functionality and which canbe created basically in an incremental way without a complete plan in advance. Two prototypes concerning urban designs and a small flexible design rule interpreter/handler is presented for free standing buildings.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	7cc1
authors	Kowal, Slawomir
year	1995
title	CAD Users Integration – A Current Problem
source	CAD Space [Proceedings of the III International Conference Computer in Architectural Design] Bialystock 27-29 April 1995, pp. 93-103
summary	In just about every field of human activities, actions which cover the design processes and the development of "a product", demand the participation of people presenting different professions and specialization. Designers using CAD techniques, usually apply different programs and even computer systems. This means that quite a large number of different applications, realising various elementary tasks, may be used during architectural design process. Very seldom data generated by a single designer, may be used by another one presenting a different specialization and using a different program. As each one of them makes a lot of changes during the design process, the need for a free exchange of the computer generated data may be seen easily. Hitherto proposed solutions of the integration of CAD systems users may be qualified in two following groups: 1.) Those based on a single integrated CAD system; 2.) Those based on a neutral data transfer format.
series	plCAD
last changed	2000/01/24 10:08

_id	0095
authors	Kowalski, T.J. and Thomas, Donald E.
year	1982
title	The VLSI Design Automation Assistant : First Step
source	5 p. Design Research Center, CMU, December, 1982. DRC-18-57-82. includes bibliography
summary	This paper describes an approach to VLSI design synthesis using both knowledge-based expert systems and data and control flow analysis. The authors are concerned with design synthesis as it proceeds from an algorithmic description of a VLSI system to a list of technology-independent registers, operators, data paths, and control signals. This paper discusses the development of the Design Automation Assistant from its first interviews with expert VLSI designers to its current prototype state. Four designs of a microcomputer are presented along with the changes in the knowledge base that created those designs
keywords	design, automation, integrated circuits, synthesis, expert systems, systems, knowledge base
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	6cc5
authors	Kowaltowski, D.C.C.K., Da Silva, V.G., Gouveia, A.P.S., Pina. G., Ruschel, R.C., Filho, F.B. and Fávero, E.
year	2000
title	Ensino de Projeto com Inserção da Informática Aplicada: O curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da UNICAMP (Design Teaching with the Introduction of Applied Computing: The Architecture and Urbanism course at UNICAMP)
source	SIGraDi’2000 - Construindo (n)o espacio digital (constructing the digital Space) [4th SIGRADI Conference Proceedings / ISBN 85-88027-02-X] Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 25-28 september 2000, pp. 352-354
summary	This paper discusses the formal educational base of the Architecture course of the State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, which opened in 1999. Applied computing, thoerical content and technical aspects of design are principal educational elements of the course. The paper will show and discuss the structure of building up knowledge for design activities through drafting, applied computing and theory and practical design disciplines present in the course.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:54

_id	ecaade2011_116
id	ecaade2011_116
authors	Koziko_lu, Nilüfer; Kavlak, Emrah
year	2011
title	Introducing Architectural Design Foundations Through Algorithmic Design And Experimentations With Materials: A methodology for freshman class in architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2011.070
source	RESPECTING FRAGILE PLACES [29th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-9-4912070-1-3], University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture (Slovenia) 21-24 September 2011, pp.70-76
summary	This paper presents a lecture methodology using pattern based and algorithmic design principles for an introductory architectural design course aimed towards students who are not oriented in design practices but in natural sciences. This methodology is built upon eights interconnected steps, starting with analytical pattern extraction from nature - from the unique texture and structure of a plant (seed or fruit) and also from its lifecycle and relation to the existing habitat. The steps include abstract pattern making with the use of software tools and material building of abstracted geometries as standalone structures. Throughout these steps, principles of information design field is demonstrated to improve students’ abilities to analyze visual information.
wos	WOS:000335665500007
keywords	Pattern; Parametric Design; Design Education; Information Design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/05/01 23:21

_id	ecaade2020_246
id	ecaade2020_246
authors	Kozikoglu, Nilüfer, Çebi, Pelin Dursun, Yazar, Tugrul, Balaban, Büºra, Üneºi, Ogulcan and Erden, Melike Sena
year	2020
title	Dynamic Architectural Canvas - Designing a relational mapping based architectural design tool
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.1.229
source	Werner, L and Koering, D (eds.), Anthropologic: Architecture and Fabrication in the cognitive age - Proceedings of the 38th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2020, pp. 229-238
summary	Configuration of spatial set-up is a major act in the architectural design process. Configuration implies a set of relationships among the spatial elements that can be represented as a network pattern. This kind of spatial network is significant for architectural design as it reveals social implications by mapping interactions between users, indicating functional and latent routes and spatial proximities. This paper concentrates on network thinking in architecture and presents the development of a new software plugin and compares the plugin to similar software studies that allow coding spatial networks and exploring their potentials. The experimental study is also tested by student workshops, explains the motives for the plug-in currently prototyped as a Grasshopper definition and how-it-works.
keywords	Space syntax; Network thinking; Scenario based Design; Evidence based architectural design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	ecaade2009_138
id	ecaade2009_138
authors	Kozikoglu, Nilüfer; Erdogan, Meral; Nircan, Ahmet Kutsi; Özsel Akipek, Fulya
year	2009
title	Collective Design Network: Systems Thinking (Event-Pattern-Structures) and System Dynamics Modelling as a Design Concept and Strategy
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.533
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 533-540
summary	This paper will relay the initial phase of a collaborative work within partners from the design discipline, systems engineering, and software engineering which deals with the interrelations of “network idea”, “systems thinking”, “collective design”, and “computation”. Vensim– a system dynamics modelling tool developed by Ventana Systems, Inc. in 1992 – has been used in an experimental first year design studio to engage students in systems thinking in the architectural design environment. It has been observed that this tool enabled most students to develop a multi-layered, complex and more controlled design logic and to amplify the cognitive processes at the beginning of the design education. We conclude that in order to fully realize systems thinking in the design process, new ways of integrating parametric design environments and system dynamic modelling environments needs to be investigated.
wos	WOS:000334282200064
keywords	Design network, system dynamics, dynamic pattern, collectivity, integration
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	kozlov02_paper_eaea2007
id	kozlov02_paper_eaea2007
authors	Kozlo, Dmitri
year	2008
title	Topological Method of Construction of Point Surfaces as Physical Models
source	Proceedings of the 8th European Architectural Endoscopy Association Conference
summary	The shape of architectural objects in general can be treated as an envelope – a two dimensional surface embedded into three dimensional space. We directly perceive only the surface as a synthesis of sequential “photo snaps” – the two dimensional imprints on a retina – a concave screen inside of our eyes. In 15th century Italian architect and theorist L. B. Alberti claimed that the architecture consists in the outlines and the structure (lineamenta et structura in the original Latin text). The visible shape (outlines) exists only because a directly not perceived structure determines it. Like Alberti, the modern mathematical theories of form distinguish the shape as an exterior surface and the form itself as an internal structure. This subtle difference becomes a very important subject in the relationship between a virtual and a physical model in the studies of architectural endoscopy.
keywords	topology, manifold, knots, point surface, physical model
series	EAEA
email
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/eaea
last changed	2008/04/29 20:46

_id	caadria2011_013
id	caadria2011_013
authors	Kozlova, Karine; Roham M. Sheikholeslami, Lyn Bartram and Robert F. Woodbury
year	2011
title	Graph visualization in computer-aided design: An exploration of alternative representations for GenerativeComponentsTM Symbolic View
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2011.133
source	Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / The University of Newcastle, Australia 27-29 April 2011, pp. 133-142
summary	In this paper we explore graph models used to illustrate the relationships between elements of designs in computer-aided design (CAD) systems. We discuss common limitations and ways to make such representations more usable and interactive. In order to study common problems of symbolic representations in CAD systems, we conducted a survey of a number of CAD applications that employ graph representations in their interface and provided comparative analysis of the properties of graph representations in these systems. As a case study we used Bentley GenerativeComponentsTM (GC) system - a parametric CAD application that uses graph (“symbolic”) view to visualize the structure of design. We conducted series of interviews with expert GC users that revealed many limitations of the GC symbolic view. To address these limitations, we developed alternative representations of symbolic view that aim at enhancing user experience with the system and reviewed these with expert GC users. As a result of our study, we developed a set of interactive prototypes using SHriMP1 visualization tool and Processing programming language. These provide improved ways of user interaction with symbolic representation, including better readability of the graph and, as a result, an improved support for design model analysis.
keywords	Graph visualization; visual interfaces; CAD systems; visual interaction; node-link diagrams
series	CAADRIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	caadria2024_75
id	caadria2024_75
authors	Kozlovsky, Roy, Grobman, Yasha and Levy, Hanna
year	2024
title	Coastal Infrastructure Design: Researching Sea-Waves and Textured Surfaces Interaction Using Physical and Virtual Wave Flumes
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2024.1.445
source	Nicole Gardner, Christiane M. Herr, Likai Wang, Hirano Toshiki, Sumbul Ahmad Khan (eds.), ACCELERATED DESIGN - Proceedings of the 29th CAADRIA Conference, Singapore, 20-26 April 2024, Volume 1, pp. 445–454
summary	Projected global rise in sea level and intensification of storms place the shoreline at risk, requiring extensive investment in coastal defence infrastructure. These structures are designed to efficiently dissipate wave energy at the expense of ecological and landscape values. The aim of the research is to establish a multifunctional approach to coastal infrastructure. Within this framework, it proposes a method for utilising simulation tools to creatively shape the interaction of sea waves with coastal structures for scenic and ecological benefits. It sets two primary goals: to establish that computational fluid dynamics tools can be used by architects to design the interaction of sea-waves with solid surfaces. This goal is explored by creating a digital simulation of a physical wave flume facility, and running physical experiments to calibrate the virtual simulation tool. Secondly, it uses these tools to systematically explore the range of possibilities latent in wave-structure interaction by initiating basic research into the flow properties of different types of textured surfaces to improve the aesthetic and ecological performance of such structures.
keywords	Computational Fluid Dynamics, Coastal Infrastructure, Ecological Enhancement, Textured Surfaces, Physical and Virtual Simulations, Computational Design
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2024/11/17 22:05

_id	8ca1
authors	Kozlowsky Jan and Sliwinsky, Jacek
year	1996
title	CAD is Creative
source	CAD Creativeness [Conference Proceedings / ISBN 83-905377-0-2] Bialystock (Poland), 25-27 April 1996 pp. 163-167
summary	There is an avalanche increase in number of architectonic offices in which the CAD technique is a medium used in the process of projecting. Ways of using CAD programs and computers are the personal matter of every user. The problem we faced was how to use it in creative work. The most interesting moment in process of projecting is the time when the set of lines on computer screen changes in mind into the real architectonic object. The form generated on the screen is new and inspire to farther, this time creative search. We must say that CAD technique let us achieve creativity during projects which means that ability to projects of new things and that state increase together with the increase of using this tool and we consider the claim that CAD may be used in a creative way.
series	plCAD
last changed	1999/04/09 15:30

_id	65c4
authors	Kozma, R.B.
year	1993
title	Will Media Influence Learning? Reframing the Debate
source	Educational Technology Research and Development (1):1-31
summary	This article addresses the position taken by Clark that media do not influence learning under any conditions. The article reframes the questions raised by Clark to explore the conditions under which media will influence learning. Specifically, it posits the need to consider the capabilities of media, and the methods that employ them, as they interact with the cognitive and social processes by which knowledge is constructed. This approach is examined within the context of two major media-based projects, one which uses computers and the other video. The article discusses the implications of this approach for media theory, research, and practice.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	sigradi2023_55
id	sigradi2023_55
authors	Koçer Özgün, Feyza Nur and Alaçam, Sema
year	2023
title	Understanding the User Interfaces Through Spatial Metaphors
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 1573–1584
summary	This study focuses on spatial metaphors in digital interfaces that designers use in their modeling processes. When designers themselves perform an action by using a digital tool, they often make spatial inferences without realizing it, with the help of their mental models and established modeling experiences. In order to trace these implicit spatial metaphors, the spatial metaphors used by the designers were discussed through their verbal expressions. Within the scope of the pilot case study, the participants told each other the 3D models given to them verbally, and the other participant made the 3D model simultaneously with the narrative. The metaphors that the participant in the role of the narrator used with the intention of making a spatial description allowed the participant in the role of the modeler to build spatial relations. This study, which has the potential to provide a spatial framework for interfaces in the future, is a step toward designing new user interface metaphors.
keywords	Spatial metaphors, User interface, UI metaphors, Modeling process, Human-computer interaction
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:09

_id	cf2005_1_43_191
id	cf2005_1_43_191
authors	KRAFT Bodo and SCHNEIDER Gerd
year	2005
title	Semantic Roomobjects for Conceptual Design Support
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-3460-1] Vienna (Austria) 20–22 June 2005, pp. 207-216
summary	The conceptual design at the beginning of the building construction process is essential for the success of a building project. Even if some CAD tools allow elaborating conceptual sketches, they rather focus on the shape of the building elements and not on their functionality. We introduce semantic roomobjects and roomlinks, by way of example to the CAD tool ArchiCAD. These extensions provide a basis for specifying the organisation and functionality of a building and free architects from being forced to directly produce detailed constructive sketches. Furthermore, we introduce consistency analyses of the conceptual sketch, based on an ontology containing conceptual relevant knowledge, specific to one class of buildings.
keywords	conceptual design, semantic modelling, ontology
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2006/11/07 07:27

_id	ddss2004_d-157
id	ddss2004_d-157
authors	Krafta, R.
year	2004
title	Space is the Machine, with a Ghost Inside
source	Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) Developments in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, ISBN 90-6814-155-4, p. 157-173
summary	The purpose of this paper is to report efforts towards the construction of a model for urban spatial dynamics simulation, based on multi-agents and space. The underlying idea is to have urban space producers and consumers operating in a two-layer, two-circuit model. The first layer holds urban space and its successive transformations; a second layer contains agents related to space; the first circuit simulates space production, and a second one simulates space consumption. Relationship between layers is represented as objective spatial features that agents are submitted to (the machine) and subjective meanings agents attach to each spatial feature (the ghost). While space works always in the same way, meanings vary according to each agent’s background and context. Relationships between circuits are represented by means of a market game in which producers try to maximize their profits by gambling with their risks, whereas consumers try to foresee the spatial distribution of local externalities that maximizes their utilities and investments. Urban Spatial Features are captured through centrality and land use patterns; every single agent’s action leads to changes in both patterns. Producers’ profit is a function of built form location. Consumers’ local externalities are concerned basically with present and future services. The model iteration is twofold: first it generates and allocates a number of built forms within a previously determined spatial system (a cellular matrix, for example), and second it allocates users to built forms. Population of users have its social profile and growth rate externally determined. Built form allocation is decided on the basis of a combination of profitXrisk perspectives. Users’ locational choice is supported by accessibility to services and present/future neighbourhood profile. Built form allocation works as parameter for users’ locational assessment, whereas users’ choices are used as parameters for developers. The model tends to adjust itself, in terms of quantities and types of built forms to be erected, although through a market lag of some iterations. Allocations are always made through weighted draws, so that mutations (non deterministic allocations) do occur.
keywords	Urban Morphology, Urban Growth, Simulation
series	DDSS
last changed	2004/07/03 22:13

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